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Chapiteau de type andalou maghrébin
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- Titre / dénomination : Chapiteau de type andalou maghrébin
- Lieu de production : Tunis
- Date / période : XVe siècle
- Matériaux et techniques : Marbre sculpté
- Dimensions : L. : 22 cm. ; H. : 23,5 cm
- Ville de conservation : Tunis
- Lieu de conservation : Mausolée de Sidi Kaçim Al Jalizi
Ce chapiteau surmonte une des colonnes de la chambre funéraire, lesquelles reçoivent les arcs de soutien de la coupole.
La haute corbeille divisée en deux parties de hauteurs presque égales s’appuie sur un astragale en simple bourrelet. Sur la partie inférieure cylindrique dans le prolongement du fût, s’enroulent en guirlandes de larges feuilles plates en crochet en léger relief. Sur la seconde, formant un large massif quadrangulaire qui soutient le tailloir en forte saillie, s’organise un élégant bouquet axé en léger relief, composé de larges fleurons et demi palmes encadrant une palmette.
Ce chapiteau date certainement de l'édification du mausolée de Sidi Kacem Jelizi à la fin du XVe siècle, et son modèle fut en vogue en Tunisie du XVe jusqu'au début du XVIIe siècle. On retrouve en effet d'autres spécimens du même genre dans plusieurs monuments de la médina de Tunis, comme Midhat es-Sultan (1450), le mausolée de Sidi Ben Arous (milieu du XVIe siècle), ou encore Dar Othman (fin du XVIe siècle).
Des spécimens analogues se trouvent partout dans l'ère hispano-mauresque, par exemple à l’Alhambra de Grenade (Espagne, XIIIe-XVe siècles), à la madrasa al-Attarine à Fès (1323), à la zawiyya de Chellah à Rabat d’où provient un chapiteau mérénide daté 1331-1348[1], et à la mosquée Sidi Belhassen de Tlemcen (Algérie, 1296).
Remarquons que le traitement en méandre sur la partie inférieure de la corbeille du chapiteau hispano-mauresque s'est développé essentiellement à l'époque almohade. Ce décor, issu de la couronne d'acanthe du chapiteau corinthien, ne se prête qu'à quelques variations imaginées par les sculpteurs de l'Alhambra. Au méandre à galons rigides se substituent parfois des chevrons curvilignes ou des entrelacs.
Marçais, G., L’architecture musulmane d’Occident, Paris, 1954, AMG, p. 341.
Tunisie : du christianisme à l’islam. IVe- XIVe siècle, (cat. exp. Lattes, musée archéologique, 2001), Lattes, 2001, Landes, Ben Hassen, p. 193.
Basset, H., Lévi-Provençal,
E., Chellah, une nécropole mérinide, Paris, 1923.
Marçais, G., L’architecture musulmane d’Occident, Paris, 1954, AMG.
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