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Panel with fruit and bouquet decoration
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- Title/name : Panel with fruit and bouquet decoration
- Discovery place : Qallaline, Tunis, Tunisia
- Date / period : 19th century
- Materials and techniques : Earthenware; painted decoration on opaque glaze
- Dimensions : W. 104 cm; H. 166 cm
- Conservation town : Tunis
- Conservation place : Bardo Museum
- Inventory number : s.n.
This panel made up of sixty tiles is adorned – under an arch suggested by two spandrels – with a complex, centred floral decoration. A blue, yellow, green and brown spray of flowers emerges from a vase. Carnations, tulips and daisies mix with rinceaux, palmettes and dentate leaves. As the glass had streaked, the design, precise and refined all the same, lost a little of its sharpness in places. The motifs were treated with shaded colours.
The decoration of Tunis ceramic panels, while it often featured standardised motifs such as the mihrab and the bouquet of flowers, presents a large variety of combinations from one panel to another and bears witness to the freedom of the ceramicist.
From the 16th century, under the Hispano-Moorish influence due to the arrival of several Andalusian craftsmen, ceramics became the dominant element of Tunisian architectural decoration; moreover, the Ottoman conquest led to the adoption of new styles that contributed to the specific originality of Tunisian ceramics, which also featured Italian influences.
The technique used was common to several Mediterranean basin countries. After a first firing, the tiles were covered with a tin glaze. After drying, mineral pigments[1] were applied over the glaze for a second firing.
Panels with bouquet decoration from the workshops of Qallaline were used in several Tunisian monuments: at the mausoleum of Sidi Sahib in Kairouan as well as in several Tunis and “Regency” residences. They were also exported to Algeria, where they may be admired in the Bardo Museum as well as in situ (mausoleum of Sidi Abderrahmane in Algiers, 15th century, 19th-century facing). They are also many examples in Libya, where they were happily used in the decoration of several Tripoli monuments[2]. Egyptian decorations also used Qallaline ceramics: on a panel of the walls of the Al-Shurbaji Mosque (Alexandria, 1758) appears the name of the ceramicist, al-Haj Massoud al-Sba’, who also made the ceramic panels of the mausoleum of Sidi Ali Azzouz and Dar Stari in Tunis.
[1] Iron oxide or antimony-based for the yellow, cobalt oxide-based for the blue, copper oxide-based for the green and manganese oxide-based for the brown.
[2] Ahmed Karamanli Mosque, early 18th century; Rabbi Nessim’s house (19th century); funduk Ghdamsi (19th century).
Couleurs de Tunisie, 25 siècles de céramique. Exh. cat. Paris: IMA / Adam Biro, 1994.
Annales du Musée national des Antiquités 4 (1994): 14–53.
Couranjou, J. Les carreaux de faïence de la Régence turque d'Alger, (1518-1830). Accessed June 20, 2008. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/arts.medit.occ/.
Mawsu'at al-Athar al-Islamiyya fi Libya. Tripoli: Service des Antiquités et Jamiyat ad-Dawa al-Islamiyya al-Alamiyya, 1989.
Romanelli, P. “Vecchie case arabi di Tripoli”. In Architectura e - arte decorative, I, anno Roma. Rome: Casa Editrice D’Arte Besette e Tuminelli, 1992.
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