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Stucco human head
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- Title/name : Stucco human head
- Discovery place : Excavation of Sabra al-Mansuriyya, Tunisia
- Date / period : 10th–early 11th century
- Materials and techniques : Stucco; sculpted decoration
- Dimensions : W. 11.5 cm; H. 11.5 cm; Th. 7.5 cm
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Musée des Arts islamiques de Raqqada
- Inventory number : S1436
This male face made of stucco is rather damaged: the nose, mouth and part of the right eye are missing. The figure has large eyes accentuated by a rather prominent arch; he is bearded and wearing a turban.
This figure, as well as dozens of other zoomorphic and anthropomorphic objects, was found in a jumble in an archaeological pocket during the excavation of Sabra al-Mansuriyya, which makes exact dating impossible. Nevertheless, it is certain that the objects belong to the Fatimo-Zirid period (mid-10th–mid-11th century), which coincides with the period of occupation of Sabra al-Mansuriyya. Other human figures executed in stucco, and also in terracotta, have been found on the same site.
The facial features were executed in such a simplified manner that expression is absent. Some of the features of the figures, such as the bulging eyes and full-face representations, are strangely reminiscent of faces on the African votive stelae of the Roman period, of which there are several vestiges in the Kairouan region. Moreover, the Mahdiyya marble bas-relief[1] has certain similarities with the Sabra stucco pieces.
This Ifriqiyan collection of figurative representations was not a rare thing, as some think, in Islamic art. Beginning in the Umayyad period, several stucco statues of human figures and animals adorned various palaces and buildings[2]. The excavations of the Umayyad castles of Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (Syria) and Mshatta (Jordan) excavated exceptional material showing certain relics of Greco-Roman art. Moreover, the statue thought to depict the Umayyad caliph Hishām Ibn ‘Abd al-Malik (r. 724–43) found in Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is a figure with a bearded face and bulging eyes is reminiscent of certain Sabra statues.
Later, during the Abbasid period, beginning in the 10th–11th century, other statues of the same time were executed, especially in Mesopotamia, Iran[3] and Egypt. The facial features show Asian influences: round and chubby faces, and slanting eyes, like dozens of figurines from the excavation of Qasr Abu Nasr in Iraq.
[1] Bas relief with prince and flute player, Mahdiyya, Tunisia, 10th–11th century, sculpted marble, L. 53 cm; W. 35 cm, Bardo Museum, Tunis, E 16.
[2] Palace complex of Khirbāt al-Mafjar, Jericho, Palestinian Authority, second quarter of the 8th century.
[3] Stucco statue of a woman dressed in a short tunic and wearing jewellery, Iran, early 13th century, Museum für Islamische Kunst, Berlin, inv. I.2658.
Tunez, Tierra de culturas. Exh. cat. Valencia: IEMed, 2003.
Tunisie, terre de rencontres et de civilisation. Exh. cat. Tunis: Groupe Cérès Productions, 1992.
Museum of Islamic Art, State Museums of Berlin, Mainz am Rhein. Berlin: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 2003.
Salm, A. “La collection des statuettes islamiques en terre cuite du Musée de Berlin”. Revue d'Archéologie islamique 5 (1995): 81–96.
Syrie, Mémoire et civilisation. Exh. cat. Paris: IMA / Flammarion, 1993.
Trésors fâtimides du Caire. Exh. cat. Paris: SDZ, 1998.
Zabern, Mainz, 2003.
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