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Stucco human head
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- Title/name : Stucco human head
- Discovery place : Excavation of Sabra al-Mansuriyya, Tunisia
- Date / period : 10th–early 11th century
- Materials and techniques : Stucco; sculpted decoration
- Dimensions : W. 11.5 cm; H. 11.5 cm; Th. 7.5 cm
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Musée des Arts islamiques de Raqqada
- Inventory number : S1436
This male face made of stucco is rather damaged:
the nose, mouth and part of the right eye are missing. The figure has large eyes
accentuated by a rather prominent arch; he is bearded and wearing a turban.
This figure, as well as dozens of other zoomorphic
and anthropomorphic objects, was found in a jumble in an archaeological pocket during
the excavation of Sabra al-Mansuriyya, which makes exact dating impossible. Nevertheless,
it is certain that the objects belong to the Fatimo-Zirid period (mid-10th–mid-11th
century), which coincides with the period of occupation of Sabra al-Mansuriyya.
Other human figures executed in stucco, and also in terracotta, have been found
on the same site.
The facial features were executed in such a
simplified manner that expression is absent. Some of the features of the
figures, such as the bulging eyes and full-face representations, are strangely
reminiscent of faces on the African votive stelae of the Roman period, of which
there are several vestiges in the Kairouan region. Moreover, the Mahdiyya
marble bas-relief[1] has certain similarities
with the Sabra stucco pieces.
This Ifriqiyan collection of figurative representations
was not a rare thing, as some think, in Islamic art. Beginning in the Umayyad
period, several stucco statues of human figures and animals adorned various
palaces and buildings[2].
The excavations of the Umayyad castles of Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (Syria) and
Mshatta (Jordan) excavated exceptional material showing certain relics of Greco-Roman
art. Moreover, the statue thought to depict the Umayyad caliph Hishām Ibn ‘Abd
al-Malik (r. 724–43) found in Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi is a figure with a bearded
face and bulging eyes is reminiscent of certain Sabra statues.
Later, during the Abbasid period, beginning in
the 10th–11th century, other statues of the same time were executed, especially
in Mesopotamia, Iran[3] and Egypt.
The facial features show Asian influences: round and chubby faces, and slanting
eyes, like dozens of figurines from the excavation of Qasr Abu Nasr in Iraq.
NOTE
[1] Bas relief with
prince and flute player, Mahdiyya, Tunisia, 10th–11th century, sculpted marble,
L. 53 cm;
W. 35 cm,
Bardo Museum, Tunis, E 16.
[2] Palace complex of Khirbāt
al-Mafjar, Jericho,
Palestinian Authority, second quarter of the 8th century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE ITEM
Tunez, Tierra de culturas.
Exh. cat. Valencia: IEMed, 2003.
Tunisie, terre de rencontres
et de civilisation. Exh. cat. Tunis: Groupe Cérès Productions, 1992.
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Museum of Islamic Art, State Museums of Berlin, Mainz am Rhein. Berlin: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 2003.
Salm, A. “La collection des
statuettes islamiques en terre cuite du Musée de Berlin”. Revue
d'Archéologie islamique 5 (1995): 81–96.
Syrie, Mémoire et civilisation. Exh. cat. Paris: IMA / Flammarion,
1993.
Trésors fâtimides du Caire.
Exh. cat. Paris: SDZ, 1998.
Zabern, Mainz,
2003.
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