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Madrasa al-Qartâwîyya
Situada en la orilla izquierda del río Abû ‘Alî,
esta madrasa es la más
grande de la época mameluca en Trípoli y forma parte de un conjunto de seis madrasas construidas alrededor de la
gran mezquita. Fue encargada por el príncipe Shihâb al-Dîn Qaratây, durante su
primer mandato del gobernador de Trípoli (1316 – 1326). En el centro del dintel
de la entrada principal, se observan inscripciones coránicas de esta época;
sobre los muros exteriores, otras inscripciones, datadas entre 1423 y 1504, son
decretos oficiales que promulgan algunos impuestos, aboliendo otros,
proscribiendo los abusos y poniendo en guardia a la población de Trípoli contra
las infracciones a la ley. La proximidad de la madrasa respecto a la
gran mezquita hace de ella un lugar propicio para la ostentación pública
destinada a los habitantes de Trípoli.
La madrasa está unida al mundo este de la
gran mezquita. Posee un patio central cubierto de una cúpula, enmarcado
lateralmente por dos îwân realzados dedicados al estudio y otra sala en el eje, que hace oficio de sala
de oración y está cubierta de una cúpula. El resto del edificio está cubierto
de bóvedas.
La fachada de entrada, al norte, está formada de
hileras alternadas de piedras negras y blancas. En el centro, flanqueado de dos
finas columnitas, el alto pórtico se inscribe en un marco rectangular. El arco
quebrado con cumbreras enmarca un cuarto de esfera que reposa sobre estalactitas.
Encima del dintel de mármol de la puerta de entrada resalta un arco de descarga
con dovelas bicolores festoneadas, terminado con un cuadrado decorado de un
entrelazo cruciforme que pivota alrededor de un oculus, de mármol
tricolor (negro, blanco y rojo). Este pórtico está flanqueado de
ventanas, dos en el lado oeste están cerradas por claustras de mármol con motivos geométricos complejos. La entrada
desemboca directamente en el patio, donde una gran fuente realzada, de forma
rectangular, ocupa la mayoría del espacio. El miḥrāb, el muro de qibla, así como los suelos, están
todos revestidos de mármol polícromo, a veces tratado con ablaq. Este tipo de decoración,
influenciado por los monumentos bizantinos y ya muy apreciado en Siria bajo la
dinastía Ayyubí, siguió muy en boga bajo los
mamelucos, tanto en Oriente Próximo como en Egipto.
Nota
Alep, madrasa Firdaws.
Bibliografía del monumento
Bizri, A. (dir.), La calligraphie arabe dans l’architecture : les inscriptions dans les monuments islamiques de la ville de Tripoli à l’époque mamelouke, Beirut, Fondation Nationale du Patrimoine, 1999.
Jidejian, N., Tripoli through the Ages, Beirut, Dar el Machreq, 1980.
Meinecke, M., Die Mamlukische Architecktur in Ägypten und Syrien (648/1250 bis 923/1517), Glückstadt, Verlag J.J. Augustin, 1992.
Salam-Liebich, H., The Architecture of the Mamluk City of Tripoli, Cambridge, The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1983.
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