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Arsenal of Salé
- Name : Arsenal of Salé
- Place : Morocco, Salé
- Construction date/period : Thirteenth
century
- Construction materials : Freestone, rubble-stone, white-wash, brick
- Architectural pattern : sculpted stone
- Dimensions : Bâb al-Mrîsa : H. 9,60 m ; Bâb Bû Hâja : l. 12,68 m
- Inscriptions :
Band in Kufic writing, framing the squandrels: Ta'awwud تعوذ:
“I
seek refuge in Allâh against Satan the stoned”, Basmala بسملة : “In
the name of Allâh, the Merciful and Forgiving” , Tasliya تصلية : “May
Allâh bless our Lord Muhammad and grant him grace”, as well as verses 10 to 13
of Sura LXI of the Koran.
The Arsenal, unique of its kind in Morocco, is the
oldest known Marinide monument. Located at the south-west corner of the Medina, it underwent
further development during the era of the Alaouite Sultan Mawlây Slimane (r. 1792-1822) to establish the
mellah (Jewish quarter). It formed a
homogenous compound, which was part of the city of Salé’s defence programme, implemented by the
Marinide Sultan Abû Yûsuf Ya‘kûb between 1260 and 1270, following the
spectacular taking of the city by the Castilians. Ibn Khaldûn teaches that
Ya‘kûb ibn ‘Abd Allâh, the governor of Rabat-Salé who was hostile towards the
new Sultan Abû Yûsuf Ya‘kûb, was betrayed by Spanish merchants who were
supposed to supply him with arms. They took advantage of the end-of-fasting
festivities to seize the city and wreck it. It took the Sultan fourteen days of
siege to free the city. Ibn Abî Zar', al-Jaznâ'î and Ibn Khaldûn agree on a
cause-and-effect relationship between this event, the construction of the
arsenal, and the fortification of the Salé water front. This compound defended
the city and its commercial port, which was one of the most important of its
time. It was also used as a base for armed ships leaving for al-Andalus.
Although the interior organisation of the arsenal is
unknown to us, due to the construction of the mellah in the area it occupied, the two gates that provided access
to it, Bâb al-Mrîsa and Bâb Bû Hâja, have been preserved. The first entrance is
via a huge pointed horseshoe arch, framed with a decorative band, consisting of
a double arabesque, with single and forked palm leaves, bearing an inscription
in Kufic. The gate is flanked by two
tall towers, an exceptional feature for a Moroccan medieval gate. It leads to
small barrel-vaulted rooms. On the wall-walk that circles the enclosure, a
staircase lit on three sides leads to small rooms with domes on pendentives.
These rooms have three arrow slots, the first protects the walls, the second
protects the immediate surroundings of the gate, and the third, with its
slanting floor, protects a canal linking the Oued Bouregreg to the inside of
the arsenal (the inside gate). A final opening, located on the landing, and
overlooking the inside of the gate, was probably used to stop enemy vessels
from entering. The second gate opens onto the west side of the city’s
enclosure. Only its façade wall, flanked by two towers remains. Two defence
chambers, with two arrow loops, are located at the summit of the arch, on account of its fragile position opposite
the Oued Bouregreg. An analysis of the equipment reveals the rapidity
with which the works were carried out, and the careful economy that the
builders exercised. The size of the stone, the joints, and the façade of the
Bâb Bû Hâja all bear witness to this.
The construction of the Salé Arsenal coincided with
the search for legitimacy of the new Marinide power. Alphonso X of Castile’s taking of Salé in 1260 was the prelude
to the unification of North Morocco around the
Marinides, to re-launch the armed struggle in al-Andalus. Its imposing
architecture is a propaganda tool in support of this battle, and the new power.
Bâb al-Mrîsa is a veritable “triumphal arch”, and part of the continuity of
their Almohad predecessors.
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cressier, P., « Les portes monumentales urbaines
almohades : symboles et fonctions », in Los Almohades : problemas y perspectivas, Madrid : Consejo Superior
de Invistigaciones Cientificas/Estudios arabes e islamicos, 2005, p. 149-187.
Terrasse, H., « Les portes de l'Arsenal de
Salé », in Hespéris, IV, 1922,
p. 357-371.
Terrasse, H., « Le décor des portes anciennes du
Maroc », in Hespéris, 1923, p.
147-174.
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