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Puerta del Sol (The Sun Gate)
- Name : Puerta del Sol (The Sun Gate)
- Place : Toledo, Spain
- Construction date/period : 10th - 11th century and 14th century
- Construction materials : Stone, brick, marble
There are many hypotheses concerning the origins of this structure.
Palazuelos and other researchers date it as being from the 12th century; G. Marçais and B. Povon Maldonaldo believe it is 14th century and J. Amador de los Rios states that its first mention in topographic
descriptions of Toledo was in the 14th century; Prangey, and later
Clara Delgado Valero believe that the gate is of Islamic origin, probably
dating from the 10th or 11th century, even though it is
not documented before the 13th century.
The gate’s function is also a source of dispute. It has been
traditionally considered as an albarrana gate, but more recent studies suggest that it was the main gate for the
northern outlying areas of Muslim Toledo. It may well have been the Bab
Mu’awiya gate, even if it doesn’t appear in any contemporary Arab writings. It
was however mentioned in a 12th century document.
The gate is part of the fortified wall surrounding the Islamic city.
The different styles of craftsmanship are undoubtedly due to modifications
carried out during the early Middle Ages. It is said that the Archbishop Pedro
Tenorio (1375 – 1399) decided to re-enforce the principal gateways into Toledo
just before the outbreaks of civil unrest of the time, and this resulted in
modifying the “Sun Gate”. Its style
corresponds strongly to that of the Mudejar of Toledo.
The gate’s façade is on two levels and is made of brick and stonework.
It is in three sections: a central element including the opening and two
lateral elements, one a quadrangular tower and the other, a semicircular tower.
Both of the towers are higher than the central section. The whole edifice is
crowned with brick crenellations. According to Clara Delgado, its layout is
similar to those of early Spanish-Muslim gates, one of the first of which is
the Puerta del Chocolate (the Chocolate gate, also named Bayt al-mal) of the Cordoba mosque.
The entrance is made up of horseshoe arch fronted by a second arch
within a rectangular stone framework. Above the gateway, there are two bands of
six interlaced, brick, horseshoe arches, the upper band being of poly-foiled
arches. The brick framework surrounding the two bands continues the stone
framework below.
The quadrangular tower is made of rough stonework in the lower section,
and of bands of stone on brick foundations in the upper part. There are two
high windows framed by a semicircular double arch. The semicircular tower is built
of the same materials and has a machicolation with decorative battlements and
small poly-foiled and broken horseshoe arches. Around 1575 a medallion
depicting Saint Ildefonsus was added to the wall above the inner entrance arch.
The rear façade is made up of a horseshoe arch made of dressed stone framed by
a semicircular arch in brick.
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amador de los Rios, J., Toledo Pintoresca ó Descripción de sus más Célebres Monumentos,
Madrid : Imprenta y librerías de D. Ignacio Boix, 1845.
Marçais, G., L’Architecture
musulmane d’Occident, Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile, Paris:
Arts et Métiers Graphiques, 1927, p. 665-668.
Pavón Maldonado, B., Tratado de Agricultura Hispano-Musulmana. II. Ciudades y Fortalezas,
Madrid: CSIC, 1999, p. 278.
Arquitecturas
de Toledo. Del Período Romano al Gótico,
Toledo : Rafael del Cerro Malagón et alii, 1992.
El Arte
Mudéjar. La Estética Islámica en el Arte Cristiano, ONG
Museo Sin Fronteras, 2000.
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