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Zoco de las Chechia
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- Nombre : Zoco de las Chechia
- Lugar : Tunisie, Tunis
- Fecha, periodo de construcción : Siglo XIII-XIV
- Material de construcción : Ladrillo, mampuesto
- Decoración arquitectónica : Madera pintada y esculpida
El zoco se
encuentra cerca de la
Gran Mezquita de Túnez. Junto con el zoco de al-Attarine («de los perfumistas») y el zoco de los Fakia («de los frutos
secos»), es uno de los zocos más destacados de la medina de Túnez.
Es relativamente
grande y está compuesto de una galería cubierta con bóvedas de arista,
flanqueada por dos filas de tiendas que sirven de lugar de exposición y de
taller para la confección de la chechia[1].
Esta industria, que
sin duda se desarrolló tras la llegada de los primeros inmigrantes andaluces,
conoció su apogeo en los siglos XVIII y XIX. El dinamismo de la industria de la
chechia permitió el enriquecimiento de sus artesanos, pertenecientes a
la burguesía tunecina. Elaboraron toda una línea de fabricación compuesta de
diferentes talleres de lavado, tejido, costura, tinte y abatanado, dispersos en
varios centros de las afueras de Túnez y a lo largo del río Medjerda.
La calidad de la chechia tunecina se impuso en todas partes de África septentrional (Argelia, Libia,
Egipto) e incluso al sur del Sáhara (Níger, Chad, Malí...).
A partir de finales del siglo XIX, la competencia europea resultó fatal
para esta industria, que acabó perdiendo todo su brillo. En la actualidad, este
zoco empieza a revivir gracias al reconocimiento de las tradiciones
vestimentarias y a la presencia de una cierta clientela turística.
Nota
[1] La chechia es el gorro nacional tunecino. La
chechia tradicional se fabrica con lana peinada, tejida por las mujeres que
confeccionan los gorros kabbous. Estos gorros son sometidos al abatanado
o enfurtido: una vez mojados con agua caliente y jabón, los hombres los
abatanan con los pies para ablandarlos, haciendo desaparecer prácticamente las
mallas del tejido. Luego viene el tratamiento con cardo, planta utilizada en el
cardado y peinado del gorro, para transformar el fieltro en terciopelo.
Bibliografía del monumento
Ben Mami, M. B., « Aswak madinat
Tunus madjallat Ifrikiya » (« Les souks de la Médina de Tunis,
Africa »), in, revue Silsilat Funun al takalid al-shabiyya,
1992, vol. 12, Tunis, INP, p. 43-93.
Brunschvig, R., La Berbérie orientale sous les Hafsides, t. 2, Paris, Adrian, Maisonneuve, p.
231-232 et 276-282.
Ferchiou, S., Technique et
société, la fabrication de la chéchia de Tunisie, Paris, Institut
d'Ethnologie, 1973.
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