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Sinagoga de Santa María la Blanca
- Nombre : Sinagoga de Santa María la Blanca
- Lugar : Toledo
- Fecha, periodo de construcción :
Siglo XII
- Material de construcción : Ladrillo, piedra; decoración de estuco
Situada en el antiguo ghetto de la ciudad de Toledo, esta sinagoga fue construida por Abraham Ibn Alfashar, consejero y embajador de Alfonso VIII en la corte almohade, a finales del siglo XII. A continuación, fue reconstruida en 1250, a causa de un importante incendio. Era durante la Edad Media una de las sinagogas más famosas de Castilla. De todas las sinagogas de Toledo, Santa María la Blanca y la sinagoga del Tránsito son las únicas que se conservan actualmente.
Su origen, almohade o mudéjar, ha sido muy debatido, aunque esta última tesis sea la más extendida hoy en día. Durante los siglos XI y XII, las salas de oración de las mezquitas andaluzas estaban constituidas, la mayoría de las veces, de tres naves perpendiculares a la qibla, separadas por arcos de herradura que sirvieron quizás de modelo para esta sinagoga.
De estructura basilical, esta sinagoga posee todo como la gran mezquita desaparecida de la ciudad, cinco naves, la nave central más alta que las demás, tipología que se encuentra también en la catedral gótica de Toledo. Las naves están separadas mediante arcadas con arcos de herradura que reposan sobre treinta y dos pilares de ladrillo octogonales acompañados de capiteles decorados de diferentes formas de volutas. Los arcos lobulados con decoración de yeso esculpido de motivos vegetales y entrelazos geométricos reflejan la influencia del arte almohade. Una decoración de revestimiento mudéjar clásico en la nave central completa el conjunto. Todo indica que la obra fue quizás diseñada por artesanos musulmanes.
A continuación, entre 1550 y 1556, se integró un ábside constituido de tres capillas, con decoración renacentista, atribuida a Alonso de Covarrubias. El nombre actual de la sinagoga remonta a principios del siglo XV, cuando se convirtió en una iglesia de la Orden de Calatrava en 1410. Actualmente es, además de un monumento turístico de interés, un centro cultural de encuentros y actividades.
Borrás Gualis, G., « El mudéjar y la expresión artística de la minorías confesionales en Áragón: mezquitas y sinagogas », in Aragón Sefarad, Zaragoza, 2006, p. 381-393.
López Guzmán, R., Arquitectura mudéjar: del sincretismo medieval a las alternativas hispanoamericanas, Madrid: Cátedra, 2000.
VV.AA. El Arte Mudéjar. La estética islámica en el arte cristiano. Madrid: Electa, 2000.
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