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Dirham of al-Hajjâj ibn Yûsuf al-Thaqafî
- Title/name : Dirham of al-Hajjâj ibn Yûsuf al-Thaqafî
- Production place : Bishapur, Iran
- Date / period : 77 H./696-697 A.D
- Materials and techniques : Silver
- Dimensions : Diameter: 3.2 cm; Weigt : 3.9 gr
- Conservation town : Amman
- Conservation place : Ahli Bank Numismatic Museum
Obverse: Within two concentric circles is a symbolic portrait of the Sassanian king looking towards the right and wearing a winged crown. The king wears an earring consisting of three beads and a necklace, from which three beads are also hanging. To the right of the head, the name of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yûsuf is written in Arabic from top to bottom. To the left is a phrase in Pahlavi meaning: "the empire shall endure in prosperity", written from top to bottom. Between two enclosing circles, the Shahâda is written in Kufic.
Reverse: In the middle of the coin, we can see the holy fire altar flanked by two attendants. The altar is topped by a crescent and a star. To the right, an abbreviation of the name Bishapur, the mint city, is written in Pahlavi script. To the left, the date 77 H. (696 - 697 A. D.) is given in the same script. Four outer circles enclose the latter elements. The bordering strip is marked with for stars and crescents.
Al-Hajjâj ibn Yûsuf al-Thaqafî served initially in the police force under the Umayyad caliph ‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705) and later as governor of Hijaz, Iraq and some Persian provinces. He was famous for his strict and firm rule. He is known to be the first who introduced the practice of forcing curfews and martial law.
In connection with his governor status, coins were minted in his name. These coins, bearing the portrait of the earlier Sassanian king, reflect the transitional character of the first years of the Arab Islamic empire, when there was no specific iconography for the Muslim sovereign yet. After the monetary reform of ‘Abd al-Malik in 696, a real Muslim type of coin was created: the obverse was stamped with the date of the issue, the name of the town where the coin had been minted and a pious formula; the reverse presented a circular legend in praise of the prophet Muhammad plus another pious formula.
However, some ancient Sassanid patterns continued to be used in Islamic art, like the winged crown that can be seen on the luster painted tiles of the mihrâb of Kairwans Great Mosque, dated 862.
Al-Ish, Muhammad Abu Al-Faraj, Silver Treasure of Umm Hujra(h), Damas, 1972, Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Musées [en arabe].
Goussous, Nayef G., Umayyad Coins in Bilad Al-Sham, Amman, 1996, The Arab Bank, [en Arabe].
Lombard, M., L’Islam dans sa première grandeur, France, 1971, Flammarion.
Walker, J., A., Catalogue of the Muhammadan Coins in the BritishMuseum 1: A Catalogue of the Arab-Sassanian Coins, London, 1941, The British Museum.
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