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Chess piece
- Title/name : Chess piece
- Author : Al-Andalus, Spain
- Date / period :
Tenth to eleventh centuries
- Materials and techniques : Ivory
- Conservation town : Washington D.C.
- Conservation place : Dumbarton Oaks
- Inventory number : 66.7
Chess was transmitted to West Europe by the Islamic world at the end of the tenth century. The original game was based on battle formations and developed into a royal game in Europe. Chivalric romance literature attests to its success in the West. The game spread through two points of transmission: in the Mediterranean region, towards Spain, Sicily, France, and Italy, and then in the North, to England and Germany from Scandinavia, where the game spread as a result of the trade between the Scandinavians and the Turks.
Islamic chess pieces were typically nonrepresentational. When they came to the West they became figurative, as seen on this piece from the Dumbarton Oaks collections. Theselarge pieceswere carved from the noble material of ivory and developed into pieces with a ceremonial role.
Carved in ivory, a female figure, dressed in a long tunic, with both hands placed on her knees, is sitting on an L-shaped throne. At her feet lietwo palmettes that are an Islamic influence and the same design can be seen adorning the back of the throne. Under the seat, a hare in profile is contained in a square frame decorated with a worked band. On the side, a seated gazelle bearing two palmettes in its mouth is fitted into the L-shape of the throne. This animal and plant theme is very common in the Islamic world, especially on the pyxides andelaborately worked ivory or wood panels[1].
It is reasonable to conclude that this piece represents a queen, whichin the European game replaced the vizier or counsellor to the king, who was part of the Indian game, which was the basis for the Islamic game. In the West, the ‘vizier’ was replaced by the ‘queen’ because the pronunciation of the word ‘vizier’ in Perso-Arabic was similar to the word ‘Virgin’ in Old French[2]. This piece is similar to the so-called ‘Charlemagne’ ceremonial chess set[3]. The queen was already part of the Charlemagne set in 1080, but wasn’t used very often. The ivorymonumental pieces in the Charlemagne set date from the end of the eleventh century and were probably made by the craftsmen of the Salerno workshops (Italy). By the end of the Middle Ages, the queen had become a common piece.
For example, Frieze with Running Animals, Egypt, eighth to ninth centuries, pine, the Louvre Museum, Paris, inventory no.AA 165.
[1] For example, Frieze with Running Animals, Egypt, eighth to ninth centuries, pine, the Louvre Museum, Paris, inventory no.AA 165.
[2] See the article on chesspieces on the BnF site (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
[3] This set, which was contained in the treasury of the Abbey of Saint-Denis, is part of the collections of the BNF, in the department of Coins, Medals, and Antiques
See the article on chesspieces on the BnF site (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
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