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Qur’an bookbinding
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- Title/name : Qur’an bookbinding
- Production place : Morocco
- Date / period : Twelfth century; binding: thirteenth to fourteenth centuries
- Materials and techniques : Stamped, gilded, and coloured (?) embossed leather with gilt tooling
- Dimensions : height 33.2cm; length 61.5cm
- Conservation town : Rabat
- Conservation place : Royal Library
- Inventory number : n° 12609
From the Almohad ear (1130–1269), the art of binding expanded considerably in Morocco, so much so that the technique took on the name of the country in the term ‘morocco leather’. A book called Al-Taysir fī sina‘ati al-Tasfīr (the art of bookbinding), written in the name of the Almohad caliph Ya‘qūb al-Mansūr, describes the kinds of bookbindings used at the time and the methods for making them. Ibn Tufayl[1] described the official ceremony of the binding of a Qur’an brought from Córdoba to Marrakech by the Almohad king ‘Abd al-Mu’min ibn ‘Alī.
This binding protects a single volume of an Almohad Qur’an written in Andalusian characters on parchment. The binding is made up of two square sides joined by the back and the rectangular flap. The back is decorated with gilt tooling—a frieze of pearled medallions enclosing the motif of a tumbling vase crowned with a fleuron. The two sides are decorated geometrically with four decreasing squares defining the borders that frame the friezes with geometric patterns punctuated with vegetal motifs. In the centre lies a magnificent geometric composition based around an eight-pointed star from which radiate a variety of polygons (hexagons, pointed pentagons, three-quarter stars) with centres of fleurons, split palmettes, and gilt-tooled roses. The contrast between gold and the brown of the leather creates a play of light and shade that is emphasized by the empty and decorated areas of the binding.
The presence of this decorative theme, which can be seen in many aspects of Almohad and post-Almohad material culture, continued in the Mediterranean region in art and architecture, in Sevilla and Marrakech under the Almohads, in Fez under the Marinids (1196–1549), and in Granada under the Nasrids (1230–1492). It can also be seen on the wooden ceilings and ceramic mosaic panels in the Alaouite palatial architecture of Morocco’s various imperial cities and in the East, particularly in Mamluk Egyptian woodworking.
A similar decoration can be seen on the fly leaf of a manuscript in the Royal Library at Rabat (No. 11978), and on the cover of another (No. 7760) that describes the Qur’anic sciences (‘ilm al-qira’at). The Almohad style of binding is very different from the eastern style. It employs a process of gilding with small irons that was still practised by Moroccan binders in the tenth century.
« Qur’an binding » in Museum with no frontiers: Discover Islamic Art [en ligne]. Disponible sur <http://www.museumwnf.org/pc_item.php?id=object;ISL;ma;Mus01_F;15;en> (consulté le 21/05/08).
De l’empire romain aux villes impériales, 6000 ans d’art au Maroc, cat. exp. Paris, musée du Petit Palais, Paris, 1990, Paris-Musées, p. 74-76.
Mannuni, M., « Tarikh al-muçhaf as-Sharif bi-almaghrib », in Abhath moukhtara, Rabat, 2000.
Ricard, P., « Reliures marocaines du XIIIe siècle, Notes sur des spécimens d'époque et de tradition almohades », in Héspéris, 1933, t. XVII, .
Sijelmassi, M., Enluminures des manuscrits royaux au Maroc, Paris, 1987, ACR Édition.
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