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Iglesia Santa Catalina
- Nombre : Iglesia Santa Catalina
- Lugar : Líbano, Enfé
- Fecha, periodo de construcción : Siglo XII
- Material de construcción : Piedra caliza
Situada a orillas del mar, entre Trípoli y Batroun, Enfé era la baronía de Nefin, que pertenecía a los Rénouard, una familia provenzal venida a Tierra Santa al lado de Raymond de Saint Gilles durante la primera cruzada. Poseía un castillo imponente con veinte torres, cuyas murallas existían todavía en el siglo XIX, según Ernest Renan. La iglesia de Santa Catalina es una de las dos iglesias sobrevivientes de esta época. P. Coupel encontró allí los restos de un escudo de la Orden de los Hospitalarios, cuyo patronazgo y jurisdicción se habrían ejercido en este edificio hasta 1198.
Orientada hacia el este y de frente al mar, la iglesia se construyó con piedra caliza, según una planta rectangular. Su nave única se termina por un gran ábside dotado de una ventana. Tres puertas con dobles dovelas sobre impostas dan al norte, al sur y al oeste, donde la fachada tiene un oculus con una banda ancha colocada entre dos ventanas con doble marco moldeado. El campanario es un añadido reciente.
Según Enlart, la disposición de la fachada y la ordenación interior imitaría a la de la abadía de Belmont (Balamand). El dispositivo de iluminación de la iglesia – el oculus y las dos ventanas – es frecuente en las iglesias romanas en Occidente, pero se encuentra en varios ejemplos en Oriente, como en el Crac des Chevalier, en la iglesia Saint-Porphyre de Gaza o en la catedral de Tartus (la Tortosa de los cruzados). Los oculi, ya presentes en la arquitectura omeya de los palacios, como en Khirbat al-Mafjar, se hacen populares en la arquitectura mameluca, reflejando una influencia de la arquitectura de los cruzados.
Bibliografía del monumento
Coupel, P., « Trois petites églises du Comté de Tripoli », in Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, V, 1941, p. 37-46.
Enlart, C., Les monuments des croisés dans le royaume de Jérusalem, Paris : Paul Geuthner, 1928.
Nordiguian, L. ; Voisin, J.-C., Châteaux et églises du Moyen Age au Liban, Beyrouth : Éditions Terre du Liban, 1999.
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