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Church of Saint Catherine
- Name : Church of Saint Catherine
- Place : Enfé, Lebanon
- Construction date/period : Twelfth century
- Construction materials : Limestone
Located on the seaside, between Tripoli and Batroun, Enfé was the barony of Nefin belonging to the Rénouards, a Provencal family that came to the Holy Land alongside Raymond de Saint Gilles during the first Crusade. It owned an imposing castle with twenty towers whose ramparts still stood in the nineteenth century, according to Ernest Renan. The Church of Saint Catherine is one of the two surviving churches from this period. P. Coupel found there the remains of an escutcheon of the Knights Hospitaller, whose patronage and jurisdiction would have been exercised on this building until 1198.
Oriented toward the east and facing the sea, the church was constructed of limestone in a rectangular layout. Its single nave ends with a large apse endowed with a window. Three portals with double voussoirs resting on transoms open to the north, south and west, where the façade is pierced by an oculus with a large band arranged between two windows with double grooved frames. The bell tower is a recent addition.
According to Enlart, the position of the façade and the inside arrangement imitates that of the Abbey of Belmont (Balamand). The elements for letting light into the church – the oculus and the two windows – are frequent in Romanesque churches in the Occident, but they are also found in several examples in the Orient such as at Crac des Chevalier, the Church of Saint Porphyre de Gaza or the Cathedral of Tartus (called Tortose by the Crusaders). Oculi, already present in the Umayyad architecture of the palaces, such as at Khirbat al-Mafjar, became popular in Mamluk architecture, reflecting an influence of the architecture of the Crusaders.
Coupel, P., "Trois petites églises du Comté de Tripoli", in Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, V, 1941, pp. 37-46.
Enlart, C., Les monuments des croisés dans le royaume de Jérusalem, Paris, 1928, Paul Geuthner.
Nordiguian, L., Voisin, J.-C., Châteaux et églises du Moyen Age au Liban, Beirut, 1999, Éditions Terre du Liban.
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