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Frieze with epigraphic decoration
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- Title/name : Frieze with epigraphic decoration
- Production place : Most likely Kairouan or Sabra al-Mansuriyya, Tunisia
- Discovery place : Mausoleum of Sidi Abid al-Ghariani in Kairouan (used as reused element)
- Date / period : End of the first half of the fifth century AH/end of eleventh century.
- Materials and techniques : Sculpted marble
- Dimensions : L. 141 cm; W. 37 cm; Th. 5 cm
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Musuem of the Islamic arts of Raqqada
- Inventory number : Mr 001
- Inscription :
Inscription en graphie kufique :"Enter in peace without fear."
The inscription was embedded under the mihrāb of the central courtyard of the zawiyya of Sidi Abid (fourteenth century); it was removed from the site during the last restoration of the monument. It is likely that it comes from the site of Sabra, which was first the capital of the Fatimids and then of the Zirids in the tenth and eleventh centuries. It is possible that originally it was on the door of a monumental edifice of the city of al-Mansūr (r. 946–953).
The writing is executed very carefully and displays great palaeographic richness. The incomplete inscription made up of two fragments is sculpted in relief in very large flowery Kufic characters with bevelled uprights. Small leafy motifs sprout from the letters in places and together with other, more elaborate, motifs fill in the spaces between the letters. One that particularly stands out is the heart-shaped motif that ends the word salam, symbolising love and peace.
The frieze presents considerable stylistic and decorative analogies with inscriptions that can be dated to the late tenth and early eleventh centuries. Very similar epigraphic friezes in flowery Kufic are attested at the same time in Ifriqiya; one example is the string-course carved in wood that decorates the maqsura of the Great Mosque of Kairouan[1].
Tenth and eleventh centuries Ifriqiyan Kufic writing was more elaborate in form and graphics than the writing that prevailed in Andalusia. But there is a strikingly close relation between Ifriqiyan Kufic and similar specimens from Fatimid Egypt, such as architectural inscriptions found in situ in the al-Azhar, al-Hakīm and al-Aqmar mosques in Cairo, and inscriptions found in museums.[2] It is possible that the same palaeographic school exerted its influence at the time in both Ifriqiya and Fatimid Egypt. Although Ifriqiyan Kufic never achieved the refinement of flowery eastern Kufic, it did have many features in common with the flowery Kufic that developed in Iraq, Iran[3] and even Afghanistan.[4]
In the Middle Ages Kufic script was one of main elements of artistic and cultural unity in the Islamic world.
[1] See also the two slabs of marble sculpted with Kufic inscriptions dated 1046, probably from the ramparts of Sabra al-Mansuriyya , that were reused as jambs for the Gate of Tunis in the medina of Kairouan. They are now in the Museum of Islamic Art in Raqqada (inv. MR 003). There were two similar inscriptions, one on the “arthex-gallery”of the Great Mosque of Sousse and the other framing of the mihrāb in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Sfax.
[2] Fragment of epigraphic frieze, marble, Egypt, tenth-eleventh c., Berlin, Museum of Islamic Art, inv. I.4466
[3] See for example the writing that appears on the Günbad e-Alayvian in Hamadan, Iran, thirteenth or fourteenth century.
[4] Flowery Kufic epigraphic frieze adorning the minaret of Jam, Afghanistan, thirteenth century.
Roy, B., Poinssot, P., Inscriptions arabes de Kairouan, Paris, 1950, Klincksieck, t. I, p. 77-78, n° 37.
De Carthage à Kairouan, 2000 ans d’art et d’histoire en Tunisie, (exh. cat., Paris, Petit Palais, 1982), Paris, 1982, AFAA, p. 216, n° 286.
De Kairouan à Carthage, (exh. cat., Genève, Palais des Nations, 1995), Tunis, &995, ATCE, p. 35.
Golvin, L., Essai sur l’architecture religieuse musulmane, t. III, Paris, 1974, Klincksieck.
Korbendau, Y., L'architecture sacrée de l'islam, France , 1997, ACR éditions, p. 108, 160, 161, 273.
Trésors fâtimides du Caire, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 1998), Paris, 1998, SDZ, p. 162-163.
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