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Inkstand
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- Title/name : Inkstand
- Production place : Raqqada, Kairouan, Tunisia
- Date / period : Second half of the ninth century
- Materials and techniques : Carved stucco
- Dimensions : Height, 4 cm; length, 8 cm; width, 1.5 cm
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Museum of the islamic Arts of Raqqada
- Inventory number : Stc 005
This rectangular inkstand is carved out, on the top, into a central tapered cavity designed to contain ink. On either side, a space was created to hold reed pens, called qalam. The four sides are covered with identical geometric patterns carved quite deeply; a lozenge within a square divided into six segments by the intersection of three figures. The corner pieces are adorned with an incised triangle. On either side, a multitude of triangles evoke a beehive pattern.
This inkstand is the only known Medieval Tunisian specimen, which makes any attempt to determine the evolution of this type of object difficult. Mesopotamian inkstands from the same period are currently conserved in the collection of the museum of the Castillo de Peralada (Gerone) and at the Louvre Museum[1]. Others were discovered during digs in Samarkand (Uzbekistan); although cylindrical, they nonetheless bear similarities in the ornamentation. The kinship of motifs is even greater with a rectangular pen holder from the same digs (Samarkand, Musée du Régistân, Inv. MIOS 9-56) which is adorned with geometric champlevé elements identical in certain respects with those of the Raqqada inkstand. Inkstands with similar ornamentation were found in Spain, like the glazed openwork inkstand deeply carved out of fresh clay. This inkstand, which was discovered in Cordova and then conserved at the museum of archaeology of that city (Inv. 12739), is attributed to the ninth-eleventh centuries. Another cylindrical specimen made of glazed ceramics is currently conserved at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid (tenth century, Inv. 62.997).
The use of openwork stucco decorations is widely attested in Oriental Islam, and illustrated in the ornamentation of Samarran Style A (Third Style). These became frequent in wall cladding of Umayyad Spain characterised by a clear preference for floral ornamentation. In the Almohad, Merinid, Zayanid and Hafsid periods of the Maghreb, complicated geometric shapes prevailed for stucco panels. The study of the Raqqada inkstand attests to the preponderant role of Ifriqiya in the transmission of artistic currents between the Orient and the Muslim Occident.
[1] Portable inkstand, ninth-tenth century, Iran, Suse, blown glass, Paris, Louvre Museum, Inv. OA 7830.
De Kairouan à Carthage, (exh. cat., Genève, Palais des Nations, 1995), Tunis, 1995, ATCE, p. 65.
Les Andalousies, de Damas à Cordoue, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 2000), Paris, 2000, IMA, Hazan, p. 124.
Terres secrètes de Samarcande, céramiques du VIIIè au XIIIè siècle, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du Monde Arabe, 1992), Paris, 1992, IMA, p. 17, 112, 117-118.
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