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The al-Tawfīq Mosque
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- Name : The al-Tawfīq Mosque
- Place : Tunis, Tunisia
- Construction date/period : Thirteenth century
- Construction materials : Stone and marble
- Architectural pattern : Ceramics and marble
- Recipient/Mandatory : Queen 'Atf, wife of Abū Zakariyā Yahyā 1 (reigned AD 1228–1229)
The Mosque stands on the Maaqal Az-zaim square,
south-west of the Medina of Tunis.
It appears to have preserved much of its
original appearance and shape when founded by Princess ‘Atf in the mid
thirteenth century.
The plan of this building—its prayer hall has
no preceding courtyard—resembles that of the Qasaba Mosque. In fact, an extensive,
truncated trapezoidal enclosure in the south-western corner contains an open
area around the prayer hall, excluding the façade that corresponds to the qibla wall. The north-western corner of
the trapeze contains the single-storey tower, topped with a lantern.
The prayer hall is rectangular in plan. The
substantial buttresses that support the robust outer walls distinguish it from
the Almohad Mosque.
The trapezoidal shape of its buttresses, with
their sloping roofs, is reminiscent of those on the Great Mosque and the Zaytuna
Mosque at Kairouan, which is generally accepted as dating from the same era.
Similarly, at Tunis, near Bab al-Bahr, another Hafsid foundation, the Zrar’iya
or Zituna al-Barrani (meaning ‘exterior’) Mosque was built with the same
features. It would also be interesting to discover whether this architectural
specificity, which to our knowledge has no precedent in Ifriqiyan architecture,
is not, in fact, a Hafsid innovation.
The external impression of robustness and
solidity is echoed inside the sanctuary. The prayer hall, divided into seven
naves and six bays, is entirely roofed with groined vaulting reinforced with
transverse ribs. The distinguishing feature of the principal nave, which is
equal in width to the others, is its dome near the mihrāb. The bays are
slightly less wide than the naves, which explains the rectangular form of the
groined vaults and the oval shape of the dome.
The dome preceding the mihrāb, whose prototype probably exists in the
mosques established in the ninth century at Kairouan and Tunis, is very
similar to the dome of the portico of the prayer hall of the Zaytuna Mosque in
Tunis. Here, however, the dome is oval, and this distinguishes it from the
classical type.
As for the mihrāb itself, its difference
with that of the Qasaba Mosque lies
in the absence (around the niche) of marble panels positioned vertically and
decorated with arcatures.
The minaret is also noteworthy. The building
has undergone major transformations, both in terms of materials and construction
methods, with regard to its architectural and decorative style. However, the
minaret’s general morphology and structure remain faithful to the Almohad
minaret style, and those of the Qasaba Mosque are Ifriqiyan in prototype. It is, in fact, an elevated, single-storey minaret
with a square plan topped with a lantern.
This second khutba (sermon) mosque, constructed in Tunis by the Hafsids, attests
to the architectural continuity of the Ifriqiyan tradition. Its dome imitates
the Fatimid Zaytuna dome, with its solid construction and austere decorations,
and is similar to the old Ifriqiyan sanctuaries of the High Middle Ages, which
are characterized by their plain decorations. It does, however, lack the distinctive
T-shaped plan, and therefore resembles certain Hispanic-Moresque mosques.
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE MONUMENT
Zbiss, M., Les monuments de
Tunis, Tunis, STD,
1971.
Zbiss, S., La médina de
Tunis, Tunis, INAA,
1981.
Daoulatli, A., Tunis sous
les Hafsides, évolution urbaine et activité architecturale, Tunis, INAA, 1976, p. 200.
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Golvin, L., Essai sur
l’architecture religieuse musulmane, Paris, Klinksieck, 1970, p.133-149.
Stierlin H., L'art de
l'Islam en méditerranée d'Istanbul à Cordoue, Paris, Gründ, 2005.
Mozzati L., L'art de l'Islam,
Paris, Mengès,
2003.
Recherches archéologiques à la
Qal'a des Banû Hâmmâd, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose,
1965.
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