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Feuillet de coran
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Ces deux feuillets sont tirés
d'un coran écrit en graphie maghrébine. Il fut constitué en legs (habous)
au profit de la Zawiyya
de Sidi Sahib en 1831. Les signes orthographiques sont marqués selon la méthode
d'al-Khalil Ibn Ahmed[1]. Les
voyelles sont indiquées en rouge, le sukun et la shaddah en bleu,
la hamza en jaune ocre ou doré et la hamzat al-wasl en vert.
Ce coran, calligraphié sans doute
au cours du XVIIIe s., constitue un bel exemple de symbiose entre les apports
hispano-mauresques et les influences ottomanes qui offrent aux productions
artistiques d’Ifriqiya, même à l'époque moderne, une personnalité propre. En
effet, si l'écriture et les couleurs des signes diacritiques sont typiquement
maghrébines, le décor du frontispice de la Fatiha, orné de motifs floraux, témoigne d'une
nette influence de l'école ottomane, elle-même inspirée de l'art iranien. Le
feuillet de la Fatiha
d'un coran ottoman datable du XVIIe siècle et conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale
de France à Paris (BNF arabe, 433) ainsi que le frontispice du Sahih
al-Bukhari, réalisé par le calligraphe turc Hassen Ridha Effendi, datant de
1913 et actuellement conservé à la Bibliothèque de Topkapi à Istanbul[2],
présentent un bon exemple du style ottoman, qui a nettement influencé les
enluminures de coran ifriqiyennes. Le décor architectural tunisien des
XVIIIe-XIXe siècles[3] porte également la marque
de l’influence ottomane qui, couplée aux autres apports étrangers (surtout hispano-mauresques
et italiens) et à l’identité tunisienne, donna naissance à des formes
artistiques originales.
NOTE
[1] Écrivain et philologue du
sud de l’Arabie (718-791), il publia le premier dictionnaire d’arabe (Kitab
al-Ayn ou Le livre source) et
établit le système diacritique de la langue arabe.
[2] Istanbul, Bibliothèque de
Topkapi Sarayi, section al-Burda ash-sharifa,, n°39.
[3] Turbet al Bey,
Tunis, Tunisie, 1777.
BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE L'OBJET
Rammah, M., Le Musée des
Arts Islamiques de Raqqada (Kairouan), Tunis : APPC, 2008, p. 20.
BIBLIOGRAHIE DE REFERENCE
Manuscrits rares dans la Bibliothèque Municipale
d'Alexandrie (Maktabat al Baladia), Le Caire : UNDP-UNESCO, 1995, n°2, 19, 21, 23, 44, 58.
Déroche F., Manuel de
codicologie des manuscrits en écriture arabe, Paris : Bibliothèque
nationale de France, 2000, photo de couverture et p. 216, n.°44.
Chabbouh, B., Le manuscrit,
Chefs d'oeuvres de la
Bibliothèque Nationale de Tunis, cat.exp., Tunis,
1989, Tunis : Allaif, 1989.
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