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Throne Room in the palace of Mshatta
- Name : Throne Room in the palace of Mshatta
- Place : Palace of Mshatta, Jordan
- Construction date/period :
Mid-8th century, reign of al-Walid II (743–44)?
- Construction materials : Brick
- Recipient/Mandatory : Al-Walîd II ?
The "throne room" at Mshatta comprises a large, basilica-shaped room terminating in a triconch which would have been roofed with a dome. Access to the room is via a monumental triple arcade, reminiscent of Roman triumphal arches and heralding the three naves at the far end. Made up solely of mouldings and six rosettes, the ornamentation on this facade is of an austerity similar to that of such Syrian churches as the complex built in memory of Simon Stylites (Qala’a Seman) in the late 5th century.
This type of plan was not something new in the Mediterranean basin. It had its roots in the basilicas of the Roman Empire and was very quickly adapted for paleochristian churches, beginning with St Peter's Basilica, built in Rome by Constantine in 324. It was also used for a number of churches in Byzantine Syria – the early-6th century examples in Resafa, for example – and for some art historians they are the source of the hypostyle plan used for Arabian mosques, as in Damascus.
The triconch may well date from the early centuries of the Christian era: Golvin detects its presence in Roman architecture, in association with the worship of the Emperor. A few centuries later it appeared in Theodoric's palace in Ravenna (c. 493), and was already known in Syria, where an inscription records the building of a triconch in 488. The bishop's palace in Bosra, built in 512, also has its triconch. The Ghanassid palace of Qasr ibn Wardan (564) has a similar layout and is, according to Lavin, a sure precursor of Mshatta. The triconch's recurring association with seats of power would seem to indicate that it served to enhance the status of the Mshatta ruler who had it built.
While the triconch has its origin in the classical Mediterranean world, it is interesting to note that this part of the structure at Mshatta is made of bricks, following the Iranian tradition. True, brick was not unknown in Syria, but it would seem that Mshatta is the first example of its use in a "noble" context. Similarly, for Hillenbrand the use of a large antechamber and a processional aisle running continuously from the entrance to the triconch signals the dominance of the Iranian influence at Mshatta. Many Parthian and Sassanid palaces – Qasr-i Shirin, for example – have the same layout, which was more or less reused by the Abassids in, for example, Balkuwara and Dar al-Imara in Samarra. The very slightly pointed barrel vaults of the adjacent bayt, which rest directly on the walls with their bricks set on edge, confirm this notion of a pronounced Iranian influence.
Creswell, K.A.C., Early Muslim Architecture, I, 2, New-York: Hacker art Books, 1979, pp. 578–606.
Hillenbrand, R., "Islamic Art at the Crossroads: East versus West at Mshatta", in Essays in Islamic Art and Architecture, Malibu, Daneshvari, 1981.
Lavin, I., "The House of the Lord", Art bulletin, 44, 1, 1962, pp. 1–27.
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