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Pitcher
- Title/name : Pitcher
- Discovery place : Tall Hisban, Jordan
- Date / period :
13th–14th century
- Materials and techniques : Ceramic, painted decoration
- Dimensions : H. 22.4 cm; W. 15 cm; diameter of opening 10 cm
- Conservation town : Madaba
- Conservation place : Madaba, Archaeological Museum
- Inventory number : Ma 8390
The distinctive feature of this pitcher is its brown, freehand brushwork decoration on a cream ground. The artist has divided the outside into three levels separated from each other by a broad line. On the upper level, situated on the neck, he has drawn regular series of triangles and diamond-shapes which meet at their points. The second level, on the shoulder, is ornamented with a repeated motif of three parallel lines. The third and last level, the belly, is painted with irregular freehand triangles, bigger than those on the neck and pointing downwards.
The granular clay used contains impurities which have been hidden with cream-coloured slip. Firing was done at medium temperature and in two stages: one for the clay and another for the paint.
This pitcher was doubtless used in everyday life, perhaps for measuring liquids. Already known under the Byzantines and the Ummayads – although with differences in terms of technique and decoration – objects of this type were widespread during the Ayyubid and Mameluke periods. In addition to painted ceramic pieces, Greater Syria has also yielded recipients of the same shape, but glazed; these were imported from Egypt, Syria and other parts of the Arab world.
The ink used for painting is the same as that employed for the writing and illumination of Islamic manuscripts. Black, the most widespread colour, was obtained from the carbon of cork oaks, linen seeds, crude oil and powdered coal. Other colours were obtained via oxidation of metals such as lead, iron and copper.
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