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Catapult bullets
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- Title/name : Catapult bullets
- Discovery place : Ajlun, Jordan
- Date / period : 12thcentury
- Materials and techniques : Stone
- Dimensions : Weight : 3 – 47 kg
- Conservation place : Private Collection
The catapult is a military machine used for attacking fortified places. It made its appearance in the Islamic world in the late 7th century, being used in the Ummayad period by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi during the forty-day bombardment of the siege of Mecca (692). These catapults comprised a wooden pole with a reinforced axle set on a platform atop two wooden towers. At the end of the pole a short arm attached by a set of ropes provided a receptacle for the stones. This information is provided by Islamic history books dating from the time of the siege.
These catapults were first brought to light by archaeological investigations in the Hadar region of Iraq. Interestingly, the Muslims of the time were very skilled builders of other, catapult-based machines, and the Mameluke and Islamic periods are considered the high points of the use of devices which repulsed the Mongol attacks after the fall of Baghdad. They notably played an important part in the victory of 'Ain al-Jalut.
Among these catapult-based machines were those using burning arrows and grenades that lit up or set fire to their target. These devices are described by al-Qalqashandi in his book Subh al-A’cha, and by Tarsusi and Ibn Aranbagha in their manuscript Al-Aniq fi-al-Manjaniq, the latter published by the Heritage Center at Aleppo University.
Smaller versions are mentioned – as oum farwa and arrada (the machine that throws a long way) – by Ibn Kathir in his book al-Bidaya wa Nihaya. Interestingly the classical historian Bellini attributes the invention of the catapult to the Cretans, while the arrada was a Phoenician innovation.
Around the Mediterranean basin, then, the Syrians and Phoenicians played a critical part in the making of military machines which were a decisive factor in castle sieges and repelling attacks from behind ramparts.
Of different sizes, these stones – part of a Muslim archaeology collection – were found in the castle of Ajlun and are now on show in the castle's museum. Shaped out of limestone, they vary from 3 to 47 kilograms, their weight being adapted to machines of different sizes.
تحقيق احسان هندي، معهد التراث العلمي العربي – جامعة دمشق ، 1985
الهرثمي: مختصر سياسة الحروب، تحقيق عبد الروؤف عون، مراجعة محمد مصطفى زياده ، مصر ، الموسسة العامة للنشر، 1987م.
الصالحي ، واثق اسماعيل : منجنيق الحضر، مجلة سومر، مج 33، ج1، بغداد
هندي، احسان: أحكام الحرب والسلام في دولة الاسلام، دمشق دار النمير ، ط1، 1993م.
Warner, P., The Medieval Castle Life in Fortress, Peace and War, U.S.A. : Barners and Noble Book, 1993.
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