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Bû ‘Inâniya madrasa: Dârâ al-wudu’ (ablutions halls)
- Name : Bû ‘Inâniya madrasa: Dârâ al-wudu’ (ablutions halls)
- Place : Fes, Morocco
- Construction date/period : Works began, 28th of the month of ramadân the great, in the year of 751 [28 December 1350]; works ended: the month of sha‘bân 756 [August-September 1355]
- Construction materials : Rammed earth (tabiya), fired brick, rubble stone, marble
- Architectural pattern : Sculpted plaster, mosaic tiles, sculpted and painted wood
As this madrasa was already equipped with small areas for the ablutions of students and the faithful, the monumental latrines and two ablution halls must have been used either by local inhabitants or during important ceremonies. The first hall is enclosed at the north-east corner of the building, and is accessed by a door, referred to as “al-Hufât”, located next to the main entrance. Its own entrance is linked to that of the madrasa by a vaulted passage. Previously, a double corridor led to a courtyard, which boasted a carved out basin in its centre. Latrines of varying shapes and sizes are situated on the north-east and south-east sides.
A second ablutions hall is located opposite this one, and is reached via a stately pointed horseshoe arched door, under a covered passage. A simple corridor led to a central courtyard, housing a white marble basin, and to small stalls, similar in layout to those of the al-Misbâhiyya madrasa and Shrabliyyîn mosque. Each stall is closed by a door, above which there is an opening for ventilation. Above this, windows, which used to boast plaster claustra, run along the four sides of the building. Above a wide stucco lattice-decorated strip, an immense, ridged, wooden ceiling covering the whole area features large twelve-pointed stars. This false ceiling is a few metres lower than the roof structure, covered in semi-circular tiles. Between these two coverings was the attic space, ventilated by numerous small windows.
Although a common feature throughout the Muslim world, this type of building does not appear to have existed in Christian Europe in Medieval times. We do not know of public latrines in France before the eighteenth century. However, public washing places did exist. Having existed since Antiquity in France, (for example, the baths at Cluny in Paris), interest in public baths was revived thanks to the crusades, which, on their return from the Orient, brought with them the fashion for steam baths. In the twelfth century “The Canon of Medicine” by the Iranian scholar Avicenna, (Ibn Sîna), was translated into Latin, in which he praises the benefits of both hot and cold baths and of looking after the body in general. In Germany, people preferred hot dry baths, which came from Russia. In 1292, according to the Livre de la Taille, Paris had twenty-six “steam baths”. These public baths were generally divided into two parts – a hot room with a communal bath and a room with individual tubs for the more wealthy. Upstairs, beds were available for clients to relax on. Often, the owner of the establishment was also a barber and sometimes even a surgeon. These places welcomed a mixed clientele and most of them were quickly considered places of debauchery. Many of them were closed at the end of the fifteenth century and it was not until the eighteenth century that bodily hygiene came back into favour in Europe.
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Ettahiri A. S., « L’esthétique musulmane au Maroc: Remarques sur l’art décoratif des medersas mérinides de Fès, in Bulletin d’Archéologie Marocaine, n° 20, 2004, p. 367-385.
Marçais, G., L'architecture musulmane d'Occident: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile, Paris, 1954, Arts et Métiers graphiques.
Peritié, A., « Les médersas de Fès », in Archives Marocaines, 1918, p. 257-372.
Ricard, P., « L'horloge de la médersa Bou Anania », in Bulletin de la société de géographie d'Alger et d'Afrique du nord, 3e trimestre, 1924, p. 248-254.
Terrasse, C., Les médersas du Maroc, Paris, 1927, Albert Morancé.
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