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Seal of Raymond III
- Title/name : Seal of Raymond III
- Production place : Tripoli, Lebanon
- Discovery place : Tripoli, Lebanon
- Date / period : 1152-1187
- Materials and techniques : Struck led
- Dimensions : Diameter, 3.4 cm
- Conservation town : Paris
- Conservation place : Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cabinet des Médailles
- Inventory number : R.1103
- Inscription :
Latin : Raimundus comes Tripolitanus/ Et haec sua civitas Tripolis
- Translation :
Raymond Count of Tripoli/ And this is his city Tripoli
The seal of the Count of Tripoli, Raymond III, shows him on the converse, on horseback, wearing armour and carrying a spear, framed by a circular inscription. The reverse has a representation of the city of Tripoli showing its fortifications: wall and door overlooked by a high tower flanked by two smaller ones. An emblematic monument of the city, the citadel built by Raymond de Saint-Gilles, Count of Toulouse, at the beginning of the twelfth century was completely ravaged by fire in 1287. It was later rearranged several times by the Mamluk and the Ottoman, but traces of some of its ancient foundations can still be seen.
The use of a horseman and a monument had already been seen on the seals of Pons of Tripoli (1112-1136) and of his successor, Raymond II, father of Raymond III. However, these images are not ??typical of Tripoli; they are found on other seals of Crusader princes. From the twelfth century, an architectural depiction is used on the reverse, each city representing itself by its emblematic monument: the Church of the Holy Sepulchre or the Tower of David for Jerusalem, the cathedral for Tyr, the citadel for Tripoli. These same images are also found on the Crusader coins. Although horsemen, warriors or hunters hardly ever appear on Islamic coins or seals, with the exception of a few Seljukide bronze coins, they are frequent on all types of objects: metal[1], ceramic[2], glass[3], fabric, etc.
The use of charters to lay down acts with a legal value, such as donations, sales, or agreements, was common among the Crusaders. These charters were validated by the affixing of lead bulls (seals), which was the typical form of authentication of the Latin Orient. This practice was copied from the Byzantine by the Frankish, the lords and prelates having the privilege (called "droit de coins") to use lead bulls instead of wax seals to validate their acts. These bulls bear testimony of the use of heraldic charges among the Frankish lords who also displayed their coat of arms on their banners. The latter have disappeared, as have the Frankish archives, with the exception of documents that the religious communities had transferred to the Occident. In the Islamic world, the use of seals is evidenced as early as the Umayyad period (661-750); the imprint, often made of clay, is made with a metal stamp.
[1] Blacas aquamanile, London, British Museum, ME OA 1866.12-29.61.
[2] Fountain spout in the shape of a horseman, Damascus, National Museum, 5819.
[3] Cup with horsemen, Louvre Museum, OA 6131.
Liban l’autre rive, exh. cat., Paris, 1998, Institut du monde arabe, Flammarion, p. 238.
Cheynet, J.-C., Morrisson, C., Seibt, W., Sceaux byzantins de la collection Henri Seyrig, Paris, 1991, n° 382.
Folda, J., Crusader Art in the Holy Land, from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291, Cambridge, 2005, Cambridge University Press.
Malloy, A. G. et al., Coins of the Crusader States, 1098-1291, Fairfield, 2004, Berman.
Schlumberger, G., Sigillographie de l’Orient latin, Paris, 1943, P. Geuthner.
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