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Marble tiles
- Title/name : Marble tiles
- Production place : Lebanon/Syria
- Discovery place : Baalbek, Lebanon
- Date / period : Thirteenth century
- Materials and techniques : Marble; decorations engraved in relief
- Dimensions : Height, 15 cm; length, 35 cm; thickness, 2.5 cm (DGA 85092); Height, 17 cm; length, 26.7 cm; thickness, 4.8 cm (DGA 8593)
- Conservation town : Baalbek
- Conservation place : Baalbek Site Museum
- Inventory number : DGA 85092 et DGA 85093
These tile fragments decorated with vine leaves were found during the German digs at Baalbek, but their origin and their context remain unknown. The rectangular tiles were originally 30 to 40 cm wide. The main motifs are pampers, with a bunch of grapes on the outside and nine berries in the middle. Bunches of grapes as well as highly stylised serrated leaves are depicted at regular intervals on the edge of the tiles.
In Damascus, marble tiles with similar patterns were used in the renovation of the ancient maristan of Nur al-Din by Sultan Qala’un in 1283. One year earlier, the sultan had also sponsored the mausoleum of Sultan Baybars (d. 1277), where a frieze with identical climbing vine frames of rich mosaics that are reminiscent of those of the great Umayyad mosque in Damascus. Another example during the same period is found on the walls of the mausoleum of Qala’un in Cairo.
The use of marble, mosaic or wood to adorn reception halls or buildings is a practice that took root, in part, in Antiquity. It very soon spread into Islamic art, as may be observed in the rich decorations of the Umayyad and Abbasid monuments in Syria, but also in Iran, North Africa and Andalusia. However, the monuments of the Zangid and Ayyubid periods are characterised by much simpler decorative tiles, consisting in large part of panels and inlay of monochrome and polychrome marble. It was at the beginning of the Mamluk period, during the reigns of Sultan Al-Mansur Qala’un and his son Al-Nasir Muhammad, that a noticeable return to the ancient Syrian decorative traditions began, in particular those in vogue during the Umayyad period. The two main ornamentations of the Great Mosque of Damascus, the mosaic and a band of marble presenting a flourish of vines engraved in low relief, apparently exerted a major influence on Mamluk architecture between 1260 and 1340. This marble band, called karma (the vine) by the authors of the Medieval era, is visible in a rare photo, but disappeared in the fire of 1893 that destroyed a large part of the inside of the mosque. According to F. B. Flood, it was the model for this type of Mamluk marble tile.
Although most of the examples of marble tiles known today come from religious monuments, the idea that the Baalbek examples came from a secular building has not been excluded.
Van Ess, M., Heliopolis Baalbek 1898-1998 à la découverte des ruines, Berlin, Beirut, 1998, p. 60.
Flood, F. B., "Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus", in Muqarnas, XIV, 1997, p. 57-79.
Meinecke, M., Die Mamlukische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien (648/1250 bis 923/1517), Vol. 1, Glückstadt, 1992, p. 38.
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