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Smyrne carpet
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- Title/name : Smyrne carpet
- Production place : Western Anatolia, Turkey
- Date / period : Eighteenth century
- Materials and techniques : Wool, Turkish knot
- Dimensions : 182 x 146 cm
- Conservation town : Beirut
- Conservation place : Robert Moawwad Private Museum
- Inventory number : RMPM No. 461
The carpet has three
borders: two floral strips framing a band decorated with rosaces on a red
background. On the pistachio-coloured field, large intertwined palmettes are
linked together by a botanical flourish. This is an example of what is called a
"Smyrne carpet", with stylised palmettes, rosettes and lanceolated
leaves on its borders. Three similar carpets of almost the same size and
borders are at the Dr. Amir Paksad's Hannover Oriental Carpet
Museum. Another example,
although only a fragment of a carpet, belongs to the Bardini collection, and
yet another is included in the Ballard collection.
The techniques for
knotting carpets were introduced in Anatolia
probably as early as the twelfth century by semi-nomad populations such as the
Turkmen. It was from the arrival of the Ottoman that Turkish carpets became
renowned in Europe, where they were preferred
over Persian carpets, deemed too busy. In the sixteenth century, the Ottoman carpet
reached its apogee and became a product for export to the Occident and China. The main
weaving centres were Istanbul,
Brousse, Pergamon and Ushak. Pergamon produced carpets with geometric
ornamentation, sometimes painted by Holbein, and Ushak made some of the
much-touted carpets depicted by Lorenzo Lotto.
This type of carpet falls in line with the ones
made in Ushak[1]. It would have been made
either in one of the factories of the Smyrne (Izmir) region, or at Ushak itself, as Smyrne was
at that time only the export centre. A port city on the Aegean Sea, it had in fact
become, in the eighteenth century, one of the largest trade centres of Asia Minor, as noted by several European travellers. Made
quickly, the Smyrne carpets are of lesser quality than products previously made
in Ushak. To better adjust to European tastes, the decorations were enlarged. These
carpets were made under the control of the Dutch, for export. They met with
competition in the eighteenth century by European imitations, made in France (Aubusson factories) and England, but
they continued to be made in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Called
Turkish carpets, they were very much in vogue and continued to be exported to
the Occident.
NOTE
[1] Ushak carpet, seventeenth
century, Paris, Musée Jacquemart André, 1006.
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE ITEM
Exposition de tapis d’Orient, Musée Nicholas Sursock, Beyrouth, mai 1963, n° 5
The Future of the Past,
Catalogue of the Robert Moawwad Private Museum. Beyrouth, s. d.
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Iten-Maritz, J., Le tapis turc, Anatolie, Asie Mineure, Paris, 1976, Éditions Vilo.
Von Gladiss, A., Islamische Teppiche und
Textilien, Hanovre, 1987, s. n.
Ydema, O., Carpets
and Their Datings in Netherlandish Paintings 1540-1700, Suffolk, 1991, Antique Collector’s Club.
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