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Saint Hedwig Glass
- Title/name : Saint Hedwig Glass
- Production place : Egypt (?)
- Date / period : Tenth to twelfth centuries
- Materials and techniques : Lightly coloured transparent glass; cut and wheel-engraved decorations
- Dimensions : Height 14.7cm; diameter 13cm
- Conservation town : Amsterdam
- Conservation place : Rijksmuseum (state museum)
- Inventory number : BK-NM-712
- Inscription :
Inscription on the base:
Alsz diesz glas war alt tausent jahr Es Pfalzgraf Ludwig Philipsen verehret war: 1643' - Translation :
When this glass was a thousand years old, it was given to Ludwig Philipsen, Count Palatine: 1643
This goblet, which has a flattened cone shape, has a circular base and was made out of thick glass. The decorations have been wheel-engraved, using a technique that had been used by the Sassanids, and was then used in Iraq under the Abbasids; this enabled glassmakers to imitate rock crystal by creating motifs with sharp edges. Animals are depicted in the decorations: an eagle and two very stylized lions, whose coats and manes are illustrated with triangles filled with parallel lines.
This object was part of a group of thirteen goblets, all of which have been conserved in the West[1]; their name originates from a German saint, Hedwig of Silesia (1147–1243), who possessed two of them. They arrived in Europe during the Crusades, brought by pilgrims returning from holy cities.
It is difficult to ascertain exactly where these objects were made: some researchers have suggested they were made in Byzantium or Sicily under the Normans, while others think they are of Fatimid origin. This dynasty was in fact an important centre for the production of cut glass and crystal, the two crafts being closely linked: in the Corning Museum of Glass (New York) there’s a ewer in cameo glass[2] (a technique in which the upper layer of coloured glass is cut so that it stands out in relief from the layer of colourless glass underneath), which imitates the models in crystal, the finest example of which is kept in the Treasury of Saint Mark’s in Venice[3]. In addition, although the motifs are stylistically similar to those used in Norman Sicily (the protruding eyes, and the position of the head, paws and tail that are found on the coronation mantle of Roger II)[4], they were commonly used in Fatimid art. In the Treasury of Saint Mark’s in Venice, there’s a hemispherical goblet in cut glass with a very stylized illustration of a lion; it is believed to originate from Egypt or Iran in the second century. Lions and eagles—animals that symbolize power—were also commonly represented in rock crystal, textiles, and ivories.
On the base of the glass, there’s an inscription in Old German engraved with a sharp, pointed diamond, which commemorates the presentation of the object to a Count Palatine in 1643—an eloquent indication of the object’s value in the West.
[1] They are found in Russia, in Kraków Cathedral, Poland, in the cathedral in the town of Minden, Nuremberg Museum, Germany, and in the British Museum in London.
[2] Inv. 85.1.1
[3] Ewer bearing the name of al-‘Azīz, Treasury of Saint Mark’s, Venice, Inventory No. 80.
[4]The Kunsthistorisches Museum (museum of art history), Vienna.
Schmidt, R., « Die Hedwigsglaser und die verwandten fatiminidischen Glas und Kristalalschnittarbeiten », in Jarhbuch des Schlesischen Museen, Vol. VI, 1912, p. 53-78.
Eredità dell’ Islam, arte islamica in Italia, (cat. exp. Venise, Palazzo Ducale, 1993 – 1994), s.l., Amilcare Pizzi S.p.A., 1993.
Trésors fatimides du Caire, (cat. exp. Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 1998), Paris, Gand, Institut du monde arabe, Snoeck-Ducaju & Zoon, 1998.
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