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Aghlabid funerary stela
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- Title/name : Aghlabid funerary stela
- Production place : Tunisia, Kairouan
- Discovery place : Al-Janah al-Akhdhar cemetery, Kairouan
- Date / period : 270 A.H. / 883 A.D
- Materials and techniques : White marble, intaglio engraving
- Dimensions : W. 25 cm; H. 154 cm
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Musée des arts islamiques de Raqqada
- Inventory number : 795
- Inscription :
32 lines in simple Kufic script:
“Bismillah. Qu’ran (102:1–4). Bismillah. Qu’ran (112:1–4). Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto Him. This is the tomb of the qadi Sulaimān, son of Imrān. He died during the night of Saturday, 22 Safar 270 (31 August 883) bearing witness that there is no other god but Allah in His unity, that He has no partner, that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger – God bless him and grant him salvation! – that Paradise is a reality, that hellfire is a reality, that the Resurrection is a reality, that the hour (of Judgement) will surely come and that Allah will resurrect those who are in their graves. Upon this testimony he has lived and upon it does he die and upon it he will be resurrected, God willing. Every soul shall have a taste of death: And only on the Day of Judgement shall you be paid your full recompense. Only he who is saved far from the Fire [of Hell] and admitted to the Garden will have attained salvation: for the life of this world is but goods and chattels of deception.”
This stela was transferred to the Awlad Farhan collection before entering the Musée des arts islamiques de Raqqada.
It is a parallelepiped on one of whose sides is engraved a text of 32 lines in Aghlabid Kufic script. The letters have a horizontal baseline and stiff horizontal ligatures; the letter endings, heavily bevelled, are neatly and deeply engraved. The ascenders of the letters are relatively thick and in an elegant script heralding the relief Kufic script, which was more common on Ifriqiyan stelae from the late ninth century. The deceased, Sulaymān ibn Imrān, was the most remarkable Hanafite jurisconsult of his time. He succeeded Sahnun ibn Said (died 854–55) as qadi of Ifriqiya in 856–57.
Parallelepiped stelae were very rare in Ifriqiya. They were much more widespread in Egypt and Spain. The script used finds an echo in the monumental architecture of Ifriqiya: for example, on the painted wooden listel winding round the square at the base of the cupola of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan. Similar contemporary inscriptions, but sculpted in relief, adorn the cupolas of the mihrabs of the Zaytuna Mosque (Tunis, 856–64), of the Great Mosque of Sousse (ninth century), of the Bou Fatata Mosque (Sousse, 838–41) and of the Mosque of the Three Doors (Kairouan, 866). Aghlabid Kufic script is very elaborate and rather far removed from archaic forms thanks to a few flourishes, the most common of which is the flaring of the upper sections of the letters.
The contemporary Kufic scripts used on the funerary stelae of Egypt[1] and al-Andalus[2] are much more classical in style: as regards Spain, the style of writing attests to a certain nostalgia for the Umayyad East. As for Aghlabid Kufic script, it was closer to the Abbasid style that developed in Mesopotamia and Iran.
[1] This is the case of the epitaph in the name of Safra Mawlat Ahmad, who died in 911, rectangular sandstone stela, intaglio Kufic script, Nubia Museum, Aswan, inv. 413 (A. M. Abd al-Tawwab, 1977–82, 138–39).
[2] Epitaph found in Pechina, Spain, 854, Museo de Málaga, inv. 11.500; epitaph in the name of a concubine of the Umayyad prince Muhammad I, found in Cordóba, 882, Museo Arqueológico de Córdoba, inv. 11.355.
Combe, E. ; Sauvaget, J. ; Wiet, G., Répertoire chronologique d’épigraphie arabe, t. II, Le Caire : Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1932, p. 214, n° 705.
Roy, B. ; Poinssot, P., Inscriptions arabes de Kairouan, Paris : Klincksieck, 1950, vol. 2, fasc. 1, p. 133-134, n° 151, pl. 16-17, fig. 15.
Abd al-Tawwab, A.M., Stèles islamiques de la nécropole d’Assouan, 3 vol., Le Caire : I.F.A.O., 1977-1982.
Lévi-Provençal, E., Inscriptions arabes d’Espagne, Paris : Librairie coloniale et orientaliste E. Larose, 1931.
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