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Prismatic stela
- Title/name : Prismatic stela
- Production place : Tunisia, Kairouan
- Discovery place : Al-Janah al-Akhdar cemetery, Kairouan
- Date / period : 425 A.H./ 1034 A.D.
- Materials and techniques : Marble; decoration sculpted in relief
- Dimensions : W. 192 cm; H. 30 cm
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Musée des Arts islamiques
- Inventory number : 566
- Inscription :
Inscription, flowery and plaited Kufic: “Bismillah, Taslia and Qu’ran (2:256) –
This is the tomb of Amat ar-Rahman, daughter of the “qādi of qādis” ‘Abd al-Rahmān, son of Muhammad, son of ‘Abdallāh, son of Hāshim. She died during the night of Wednesday, the 5th of the month of Rabi‘ II of the year 425 (27 February 1034) bearing witness that there is no other god but Allah and that Muhammad is His messenger, that Paradise is a reality, that hellfire is a reality, that the Resurrection is a reality, that the hour (of Judgement) will surely come and that Allah will resurrect those who are in their graves.”
Sculpted in relief on an edge of the stela, the epitaph is written in splendid flowery and plaited Kufic script. The letters lam, ta and ‘ayn feature a large variety of interlacing. The tops of most of the ascenders are bevelled and bifid.
Each of the surviving tombs of the members of this family is more beautiful than the next; the evident similarities in the writing were most likely intentional.
The inscription conveys, in the most elegant manner, the evolution undergone by Kufic script in Ifriqiya from the tenth to the eleventh century. More and more care was taken to fill the empty spaces of the epigraphic field with plant-like decorations springing from most of characters. The trefoil or multifoil fleuron takes form at the level of the upright ascenders. We should also point out the knot formed by the curled-up ascenders: the lam-alif is, of course, the group in which this type of ornament first appeared. In the East, it became characteristic of a script called “plaited Kufic”. The importance of the “bow line”, a sort of small, curved cusp that interrupts the curve of certain letters and decorates the starting point of the vertical traits, should be noted.
The appearance of prismatic stelae was only attested rather belatedly in Ifriqiya. The oldest ones date from the late tenth century. This form of cenotaph was meant to be placed above the tomb, in the direction of the body of the deceased.
This type of stela greatly resembles other contemporary stelae, which have been found all over the Islamic Mediterranean world in Algeria, Tripolitania, Morocco, Spain, Egypt and Anatolia. All are inscribed with flowery Kufic script, which attests to the large diffusion of the decorative models throughout the Muslim West. Nevertheless, one notes that Ifriqiyan Kufic appears more advanced in comparison with the archaistic Kufic in use in the countries mentioned.
The relationship between Spain, the Maghreb and Ifriqiya is even more pronounced in the dedicatory formula, evidence of the common adherence of the regions to the Malikite rite, which galvanised their spiritual unity despite the political differences.
Similar stelae were found at Al Qal’a of Beni Hammad, Algeria, during excavations led by L. De Beylié in the early twentieth century and by L. Golvin in the 1960s. Others were discovered in Sicily, all over Andalusia[1], as well as in the cemeteries of Cairo, for example, in that of Carafa[2].
[1] Funerary stela, sculpted marble, found in Alméria, Spain, 1062, Museo de Málaga; funerary stela found in Cordóba, ninth century, sculpted marble, Museo Arqueológico de Córdoba, inv. 11.355.
[2] Funerary stela, marble sculpted in relief, Carafa cemetery, Cairo, Egypt, early eleventh century, Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, inv. 2908.
Roy, B. ; Poinssot, P., Inscriptions arabes de Kairouan, Paris : Klincksieck, 1950, vol. 2, fasc. 1, p.420-421, n° 292.
De Carthage à Kairouan, 2000 ans d’art et d’histoire en Tunisie, (cat.exp., Paris, Petit Palais, 1982), Paris : AFAA, 1982, p. 212, n° 282.
Tunisie : du christianisme à l’islam. IVe- XIVe siècle, (cat.exp., Lattes, musée archéologique, 2001), Lattes : Landes / Ben Hassen, 2001, p. 182.
Golvin, L., Recherches archéologiques à la Qala’a des Banû Hammad, Paris: Maison-Neuve / La Rose, 1965, p. 160.
Les Andalousies, de Damas à Cordoue, (cat. exp., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 2000), Paris : IMA / Hazan, 2000, p. 139-140.
Trésors fâtimides du Caire, (cat.exp., Paris, Institut du monde arabe), 1998, Paris : SDZ, 1998, p. 164.
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