Qasr Kharana

60 kilometres south of Amman in an arid part of the Syrian-Jordanian desert, Qasr Kharana was built in two stages. Very soon abandoned, as a graffito dated 710 testifies, it remained unfinished. Some historians, like Creswell, date its construction to the Sassanids, while others, like Allen, opt for the reign of al-Walid I (r. 705–15); however, a study by Urice has shown that it is in fact one of the earliest known Ummayad monuments, and is to be located between 661 and 684.  

Qasr Kharana is part of a series of twenty 7th-century Near-Eastern buildings known as "desert castles". It is square, with each side 35 metres – a Roman actus – long. This unit was often used as a module, being multiplied by two and sometimes by four for this kind of construction. Its plan is typical: a courtyard surrounded on two levels by rooms arranged as accommodation units, or bayt. In this case they are of the type Creswell defines as "Syrian", as opposed to "Persian": four rooms laid out two by two around a central courtyard which provides the sole access. The castles of Qasr al-Hayr (East and West), Qastal and Jabal Says present the same kind of layout.

While the "desert castles" have their origin in the fortified or rural Roman-Byzantine architecture of pre-Islamic Syria, Qasr Kharana stands out because of features inherited from Sassanid Iran: squinches at points of transition, and half-domes – set on groups of three engaged half-columns with neither bases nor capitals – covering rectangular spaces. Among the many types of vaults, some – with transverse arches resting on three colonnettes – are reminiscent of such pre-Islamic Iranian sites as Ctesiphon and Sarvistan, although the latter may in fact date from the early days of Islam.

Although the Syrian castles are often bigger – 70 metres square –there are in Iraq a number of buildings on a similar scale to Qasr Kharana, which has four corner towers, a semicircular buttress in the middle of each wall and, according to Urice, a single entry. This system was adopted in the Maghreb from the 9th century onwards in such buildings as the Ribat in Susa, but the intention there was defensive, whereas Qasr Kharana was certainly a Bedouin meeting place with no military function: its loopholes were solely for ventilation and decoration.

Ornamentation at Qasr Kharana is limited in terms of quantity, materials and space, as at the later palace of Ukhaydir. On the outside bricks laid at an angle of 45° recall the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Raqqa. The most striking decorative feature, however, is the stucco-work over the entrance and on the upper floor. At this period carved or moulded stucco ornamentation was widespread from Afghanistan to Spain. Very popular with the Romans, it reappeared in Carolingian Europe – in Germigny and Cividale, for instance – at a time when there was very close contact between Orient and Occident.

The decoration is for the most part very simple. Some of the motifs, like the combed examples to be found at the entrance and in the stairwells, and the saw-tooth patterns on the arches, also occur on many kinds of utilitarian ceramic objects, both European and Islamic. The "fleur de lys" on certain roundels in the bedrooms seems more distinctive, but is also present in the Dome of the Rock. Mayer has found it, too, on a seal of Rameses III and on Syrian bas-reliefs.