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Double page spread from a Qur’an
- Title/name : Double page spread from a Qur’an
- Date / period : XVe century
- Materials and techniques : Ink and gold on oriental paper
- Conservation town : Cairo
- Conservation place : National Library of Cairo
- Inventory number : 48
This Qur’an is open on the page of the Verse of the Throne (‘āyat al-kursī), which is found in the second surah (Qur’ānic chapter), called al-baqara (‘the cow’) [surah II, verse 255]. This important verse in the Muslim faith has protective powers.
The pages of this Qur’an, which is written in vertical format, are composed of eleven lines of cursive script in black ink on oriental paper. The various verses are separated by small gilded rosettes with blue centres and petals separated by small red dots. On the left-hand page, the beginning of the Verse of the Throne is preceded by an illuminated band that ends in a palmette. The short vowels (tashkīl, a system of vocalization) and the diacritic signs are indicated, facilitating lecture of the text. The short vowels are marked by vocalization signs: the fatha, a small diagonal line placed above a letter, representing a short ‘a’; kasra, a similar diagonal line below a letter, designating a short ‘i’; and damma, a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter, representing a short ‘u’. This system was introduced by the philologist and grammarian Al-khalīl Ibn Ahmad Al-farāhīdī (d.786) to replace the system of coloured dots adopted by Abū al-Aswad al-Dualī (d.688). The use of dots to distinguish between different consonants was established by al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf al-Taqafī (694–714).
This manuscript has been written in the muhaqqaq script. It is characterized by wide letters with light curves, and long upstrokes with high ascenders, giving the script a horizontal thrust. This type of script was very common in vertical, large-format Qur’ans produced in the Muslim West and particularly in Mamluk Egypt from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. It was also greatly prized in Persia and by the Ilkhanids during this period.
The calligrapher and illuminator have paid particular attention to the two first pages of the Qur’an that contain the first surah, al-fātiha, (the opening surah) and the beginning of surah II, al-baqara. Their verses are composed of six lines of script in black ink inscribed on a floral background. Cartouches contain the titles of the surahs written in a script of white ink on a blue background. The cartouches and the text are surrounded by bands decorated with a gilded braid motif. This braid motif is generally common in manuscripts from the Maghrib.
Guesdon M. -G. et Vernay-Nouri A. (dir.), L’art du livre arabe, du manuscrit au livre d’artiste, catalogue d’exposition, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2001
Splendeur et majesté, Corans de la Bibliothèque nationale, catalogue d’exposition, Paris, Institut du monde arabe, Bibliothèque nationale, 1987
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