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Alms-measure in the name of the Marinid sovereign Abū al-Hasan
- Title/name : Alms-measure in the name of the Marinid sovereign Abū al-Hasan
- Author : Al-Hajj al-Massaoud al-Bejâwî
- Production place : Algeria, Tlemcen
- Discovery place : Tlemcen
- Date / period : Hegira 731 -749 / AD 1331-1348
- Materials and techniques : Beaten yellow copper; engraved and incised decoration
- Dimensions : H. 10 cm; D. of base: 11.6 cm; D. of mouth: 8.1 cm
- Conservation town : Algiers
- Conservation place : Musée National des Antiquités et des Arts islamiques
- Inventory number : II.MI.074
- Inscription :
Upper band الحمد لله أمر بتعديل هذا المد المبارك مولانا أمير المسلمين أبو الحسن
Arcature 1 ابن مولانا أمير المسلمين أبي سعيد بن مولانا أمير المسلمين أبي يوسف ابن عبد الحق على المد الذي أمر بتعديله مولانا أبو يعقوب رحمه الله على المد الذي عدل الحسين ابن يحي
Arcature 2 البسكري بمد إبراهيم ابن عبد الرحمن الحبشي الذي عدله بمد الشيخ أبي علي منصور ابن يوسف القوّاس وكان أبو علي عدل مده بمد الفقيه أبي جعفر احمد ابن علي بن غزلون وعدل أبو جعفر
مده بمد Arcature 3 الفقيه القاضي أبي جعفر احمد ابن الأخطل وعدل أبو جعفر مده بمد خالد ابن إسماعيل وعدل خالد ابن إسماعيل مده بمد الإمام أبي بكر أحمد ابن حنبل وعدل أبو بكر مده بمد
Arcature 4 أبي إسحاق بن إبراهيم بن الشنظير وبمد أبي جعفر ابن ميمون وكانا عدلا مديهما بمد زيد ابن ثابت صاحب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وهذا… تبركا بسنّته على يد سيّد الحاج مسعود البجاوي كان الله لـ...
- Transcription (fr, eng, esp) :
Upper band
Al Hamdu lillah amara bita’dîl hada al-mudd al-mubârek mawlâna amîr al-muslimîn Aboû al-hassen…
Arcature1
Ibn mawlâna amîr al-muslimîn Abî Saïd ben mawlâna amîr al-muslimîn Abî yûssef Ibn abd al-hak ala al-mudd al-ladhî amara bita’dîlihi mawlâna Aboû ya’kûb rahamahou Allah ala al-mudd al-ladhî adala al-hussein Ibn yahia …
Arcature2
al-beskrî bi –mudd Ibrahîm Ibn abd al-Rahmân al-Habishi al-ladhi adalahou bi-mudd al-cheïkh Abî Ali Mansûr Ibn yûssef al-Qawâs wa kana Aboû Alî adala muddahou bi-mudd al-fakîh Abî Dja’far Ahmed Ibn Alî Ben Ghazloûn wa adala Aboû Dja’far muddahou bi-mudd
Arcature 3
al-fakîh al-kadhî Abî Dja’far Ahmed Ibn al-ahtâl wa adala Aboû Dja’far muddahou bi-mudd Khâled Ibn Ismâïl wa adala Khâled Ibn Ismâïl muddahou bi-mudd al-Immâm Abî Bakr Ahmed Ibn hanbel wa adala Aboû Bakr muddahou bi-mudd…
Arcature4
Abî Ishâk ben Ibrahim Ibn ach-chinzîr wa bi-mudd Abî Dja’far Ibn Maïmoûn wa kana Adalâ muddaïhoumâ bi-mudd Zaïd Ibn Thâbit sahib Rasoûl allâh sala lahou alaïhi wa salem wa hadhâ tabarakâ bisûnatihi ala yad sayid al-Hadj Massoûd al-Bedjawi Kana allah l…..
- Translation :
Upper band: Praise be to Allah this blessed mudd was calibrated on order of our master the Emir of Muslims Abū al-Hasan
Arcature1 : Son of our master the Emir of Muslims Abū Sa‘īd son of our master the Emir of Muslims Abū Yūsuf… Ibn ‘Abd al-Haqq according to the mudd that our master Abū Ya‘qūb may Allah have mercy on him ordered to have calibrated in accordance with the mudd that Husayn Ibn Yahyâ calibrated
Arcature 2 : al-Bisekrī in accordance with the mudd of lbrāhīm ibn ‘Abd ar-Rahmān al-Habashi who calibrated it in accordance with the mudd of Sheikh Abū ‘Alî Mansūr ibn Yūsuf al Qawās Abû ‘Alī had calibrated his mudd with that of faqīh Abū Ja‘far Ahmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Ghazlūn Abū Ja‘far calibrated his mudd with that
Arcature 3 : of the faqīh of qādi Abū Ja‘far Ahmad ibn al-Ahtāl Abū Ja‘far calibrated his mudd with that of Khāled ibn lsmaïl he calibrated his mudd with that of the imam Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Abū Bakr calibrated his mudd with that
Arcature 4 : of abī lshāq Ibrāhīm ibn al-Shinzīr with that of abī Ja‘far ibn Maīmūn. They had calibrated their two mudds with that of Zayd ibn Thābit companion of the Prophet may Allah grant him grace and salvation This mudd was calibrated in a blessing for its sūnna by sayyid al-Hājj mas‘ūd al- Bejāwī may Allah grant him favour.
The name of this measure for alms, mudd, comes from the Latin modius or modium, known by the Romans for measuring liquids and solids. In Islam, its value[1] was determined by the Prophet when he stipulated the details of the festival of ‘Īd al-Fitr; it was then called Mudd al-Nabī. It was used to measure the legal alms, zakāt, and to determine the quantity of water necessary for ablution. The mudd seems to have been in common use all over northern Africa. In Rashgun (the Oran region) people used a measure called amura, a word close to the Hebrew word omer and the Judeo-Aramaic word umrā[2]. According to W. Marçais, this measurement is still used in Tangier for dry legumes and cereals; in various regions of northern Morocco its value is volatile. Three Marinid copper vases that served as alms measures, bearing the same type of inscription, were discovered in Fez. In Algeria there are only a few regions where the alms mudd is still a standard capacity.
This truncated cone-shaped container has a wide base that tapers off towards the mouth. It has a pin on one side to which a three-ring chain is attached; the S-shaped middle ring is engraved and has tips in the shape of palm leaves. The surface of the container is made up of three welded parts and is embellished with decoration engraved with a burin. The upper part is surrounded by a band riveted to the vase that includes an inscription in North African cursive letters indicating the object’s purpose and the name of its patron. The empty spaces on the band are filled with Marinid style bifid palm leaves.
The middle section is decorated with four round horseshoe arcatures, or blind arches, whose intradoses are enhanced with foliated scrolls, a common shape in the Marinid era and passed down by the Almohads. Each of the arcatures frames a running inscription mentioning the genealogy of the patron and the origin of the calibration. The arches rest on pillars whose empty centres are adorned with intertwined foliated scrolls; the pillars are surmounted by fleurons or two palm leaves facing each other. The palm leaf, a motif used in Christian art, is derived from the ancient acanthus, which was reproduced in the Muslim decorative repertoire. The Barca hall in the Alhambra boasts a fourteenth-century floral decoration in which one of the palm leaves bears a similarity to the leaf on this alms measure.
In the lower part, running all around the container, is a leafy foliated scroll – a motif that is sometimes seen in fact on other supports, such as a carved wooden Marinid panel from Fez preserved in the Mustapha museum. A bronze Nasrid bucket from the Alhambra[3] illustrates the fact that intertwined foliated scrolls and bifid palmettes were common in Hispano-Moresque art. This motif is also seen in the Mamluk period, when metalwork flourished in Egyptian and Syrian workshops.
This piece features vegetal, floral, epigraphic and geometric decorations, the basic elements of Islamic aesthetics, inherited from antiquity and sometimes passed down to the West. This elegant alms measure allows us to trace what the East passed down to the Maghreb. In its decoration and meticulous epigraphy it is reminiscent of a contemporaneous work, the chandelier of the Great Mosque of Taza. These alms measures were perpetuated until the modern period: the Musée des Oudaya in Rabat preserves an alms measure made in the second half of the nineteenth century.[4].
[1] Corresponding to several Sâ’s, a unit of measurement for grain worth 8 ritl.
[2] Measure for grain that contained 60 Mudd al-Nabī.
[3] Small bucket, fourteenth century, Madrid, Museo Archéologico Nacional.
[4] Rabat, Musée des Oudaya, inv. D2903.
Dessus-Lamare, A. “Note sur un vase en cuivre gravé, employé comme mesure etalon”, in Revue africaine, 1929, p. 162-195.
Bel, A. “Note sur trois vases de cuivre gravé, trouvés à Fès et servant à mesurer l’aumône du fitr”, in Bulletin archéologique, 1917, p. 360.
Marçais, G. Nouvelles remarques sur l’esthétique musulmane, Mélanges d’histoire et d’archéologie de l’occident musulman, vol. I, Algiers: 1957, p. 112,117.
Marçais, G. Manuel d’art musulman, vol. II, thirteenth to nineteenth century. Paris: Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1927, p. 641.
Bourouiba, R. L’art religieux musulman en Algérie. Algiers: SNED, 2nd Edition, 1981.
“Measuring instrument (mudd)” in Museum with no frontiers: Discover Islamic Art [on line]. Available on < http://www.discoverislamicart.org/pc_item.php?id=object;ISL;dz;Mus01;7;en> (visited 20/02/08).
L’histoire de l’art, vol. 4: Art de l’Islam, Art carolingien. Larousse,1996, p. 446-447.
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