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Two leaves from a Qur’an
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- Title/name : Two leaves from a Qur’an
- Production place : Kairouan
- Discovery place : Maqsûra of the Great Mosque of Kairouan
- Date / period : 903 H. / 1498
- Materials and techniques : Paper, black ink, pigments
- Dimensions : H. 25.5 cm; L. 19.5 cm.
- Conservation town : Kairouan
- Conservation place : Museum of the Islamic arts of Raqqada
- Inventory number : Rutbi 191
- Inscription :
Inscription in maghribi script of seven lines, including the “Zamr” Sura, (v. 32) and the “Qāf” Sura, (v. 19–21).
The collection that belongs to the Great Mosque of Kairouan was transferred to the National Library in Tunis, where it was kept for sixteen years, until 1983, when it was given to the museum in Raqqada.
The two leaves are taken from a Qur’an copied on paper. Written on the recto of the first leaf is the deed whereby a bequest of the work was made to the Great Mosque of Kairouan by the Hafsid sultan Muhammad al-Hasan at the beginning of the month of Sha'ban in the year AH 903 (1498).
The beginning of the Sura copied on the verso is written inside a gold frame also containing, in Kufic script, the name of the Sura cited and the number of verses it has. The black writing is in maghribi script. It can be distinguished by its rounded letters that do not adhere to fixed palaeographic norms. The orthographic signs are noted in accordance with the method developed by al-Khālil ibn Ahmad. The vowels are marked in red. The sukun is indicated by a blue circle and the shaddah is blue. The hamza and hamzat al-wasl are indicated by a yellow dot and a green dot respectively, in compliance with writing found in Maghrebian Qur’ans since at least the tenth century.
The end of the verse is marked by a three-lobed gold rosette, and the tenth verse by a gold circle surrounded by equidistant dots.
This Qur’an presents a prototype of maghribi, a script that was in vogue in the Maghreb and Spain from the twelfth century on. The striking analogy between this manuscript – the writing, gilding, illumination, vowel marks and the division into verses – and Qur’ans written in Morocco, Algeria and Andalusia reflects the intellectual unity of the geographic area from the Almohad period.[1] In the early Almohad period Qur’ans were bound in an oblong format, but by the end of the period Maghrebians would opt for the vertical format, which continued to be used until the contemporary period. Although the decoration of the titles of the Sura drew inspiration from Maghrebian Qur’ans of the time, it continued to be somewhat related to the decorative repertoire of Qur’ans produced between the ninth and eleventh centuries. It differed from that repertoire, however, in its use of elaborate, elegant floral motifs inspired by the Hispano-Moresque decorative repertoire. The titles of Maghrebian Qur’ans were just as richly ornamented as those of contemporaneous Eastern Qur’ans from Mamluk Egypt.
[1] These copies of the Qur’an are in the al-Karawiyyn library in Fez (Morocco), the royal library in Rabat (Morocco), the National Library in Tunis (Tunisia), the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris and the British Library in London.
Tunez, Tierra de culturas, (exh. cat., Barcelone, 2003), Valence, 2003, IEMed, p. 224.
Barrucand, M., « Les enluminures de l'époque almohade », in Los al-Mohade : Problemas et perspectivas, Estudios arabes et islamicos, vol. 1, Madrid, 2006, Consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas, p. 71-121.
Chabbouh, B., Le Manuscrit. Chefs d'œuvre de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Tunis, (cat.exp., Tunis, Bibliothèque nationale, 1989), Tunis, 1989, éditions Alif.
Lings, M., Safadi, H.F., The Quran, (exh. cat., Londres, British Library, 1976), Londres, 1976, The World of Islam publishing company.
Les Andalousies, de Damas à Cordoue, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 2000), Paris, 2000, Institut du monde arabe, Hazan, p. 157.
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