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Baybars Tower
- Name : Baybars Tower
- Place : Karak, Jordan
- Construction date/period : 1260-1277
- Construction materials : Limestone
- Architectural pattern : Sculpted ornamentation
- Recipient/Mandatory : Mameluke sultan Baybars (r. 1260–77)
- Dimensions : L. (east-west): 16.65 m; L. (north-south): 15 m; H. 16 m
This tower controlled the eastern entrance to the city of Karak and reinforced the city wall. It was built out of local limestone, with red-coloured stones for the facings and footings. As in the Crusader and Muslim castles in the region, the stones are either polished or quarry-faced and are block-and-header bonded in the footings.
Situated 118 kilometres south of Amman and overlooking the valley, the tower enables surveillance of all the roads leading to the city's east entrance. It is circular and has three levels. The original entrance, to the north, has been closed off by the addition of modern buildings; it led, via a narrow corridor, to a stone staircase going up to the ground floor, which comprises three square or rectangular chambers around a central, groin-vaulted room. Each of the chambers has an arrow-slit. One of them also contains a well. On the first floor, accessible from below by a stone staircase, a narrow corridor leads to a windowless rectangular room; the layout here is similar to that of the ground floor. The square main room is roofed with a dome with pendentives at whose highest point an oculus lets in light and air. The rooms giving onto the main hall all have arrow-slits. The tower's third level is a terrace surrounded with a protective wall, offering a broad view of the outside and access to the surrounding walls via three steps.
The ornamentation comprises a founder's inscription in Thuluth calligraphy and high-relief sculptures of lions or panthers. These were the emblem of Sultan Baybars and are to be found on many of his buildings, including the round Baybars Tower at the Fort of the Knights (1271), Bab Sitti Maryam in Jerusalem and the Bridge of Lions in Cairo.
The design of the tower was influenced by the local topography and climate. Its plan is similar to those of the al-Jabal fortress in Cairo (1176) and the fort of Aqaba (1219), and was reused in eastern Jordan in, for example, the fortress of Shawbak (1296–1308) and such forts along the Egyptian pilgrim road as Alaznm (1538) and al-Wajh (1703).
Abu Abieleh, M., Systems of Fortification in Islamic Military Architecture in the Twelfth Century A.D. in Karak, Shoubak, Ajlun, Architectural Study (Master's thesis), unpublished manuscript held by Yarmuk University in Jordan, 1998, p. 69 - 80, (in Arabic).
Combe, E. ; Sauvaget, J. ; Wiet, G., Répertoire chronologique d'épigraphie arabe, vol. 12, Cairo : Institut français d’Archéologie orientale, 1941 - 1944, p. 223.
Creswell, K. A. C., Fortification in Islam before A.D. 1250, London : Geoffrey Cumberlece Amen House, 1952, p. 89-125.
Kuran, A., The mosque in early Ottoman architecture, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1969, p. 94, fig. 100.
Wiener, W. M., Castles of the crusaders, London : Thames and Hudson, 1966, p. 48.
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