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Qantara - Fort Ajlun
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Qantara Qantara

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Fort Ajlun

  • Name : Fort Ajlun
  • Place : Ajlun, Jordan
  • Construction date/period : 1184 – 1260
  • Construction materials : Limestone
  • Architectural pattern : Sculpted ornamentation, ancient mosaics
  • Recipient/Mandatory : Saladin
  • Dimensions : Original square fort: L. (north): 37 m; L. (south): 37 m, L. (east): 35.50 m; L. (west): 30 m. Present building: L. (north): 60.5 m; L. (south): 65.5 m; L. (east and west): 60 m. Area: 3782.25 sqm; Depth (moat): 11–15 m
  • Restoration :

    Under al-Zâhir Baybars (r. 1260 – 1277)

From its strategic site on Bani Auf the fortress of Ajlun overlooks the region between Lake Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee) in the north and the Dead Sea in the south. It was built for several reasons: to halt Frankish advance parties seeking control of northern Jordan; to control the roads, in particular the one from Damascus to Jerusalem, Mecca and Cairo; to monitor Frankish movements at Fort Kawkab al-Hawa, opposite; and to control the Ayyubid iron mines at Ajlun after the Catholic Church and the European countries had banned the provision to Muslims of materials for making weapons.

According to the historical sources, Saladin had ordered the building of the fort from one of his eminent administrators, Izz al-Din Usama, but his successor accused the dignitary of treason and had him imprisoned at Karak. A little late the governor Aybak ibn Adballah built an L-shaped tower: over the window of the tower a plaque inscribed in Nashki script mentions the date 611 H./1214 and the name of the builder, Caesar the Arab. The northeast tower was restored in 1253, as indicated by another Nashki inscription. Occupied until 1259 by the Mongols, the fortress was restored on the orders of the Mameluke sultan Baybars in 1260.

It was built with the local limestone, using the techniques to be found in other Crusader castles: polished stone, quarry-faced stone and round-top stones, with block and header assemblage.

Situated 76 kilometres northwest of Amman, Fort Ajlun overlooks several valleys including the Valley of the Jordan. It stands on a rock base, with terraces providing consolidation. It follows the quasi-circular shape of the plateau, whose rugged slopes are a protective factor.

The original building was square, with corner towers of varying heights at three levels. Set between two defensive towers, the entrance opens onto a semi-circular-vaulted corridor. During mine-clearing operations in 1999 a mosaic showing a Byzantine religious edifice was discovered amid the rubble of this corridor, confirming the historical sources stating that Ajlun had been built on the site of a monastery. The corridor gives onto a three-level courtyard surrounded by square or rectangular rooms providing accommodation for soldiers.

This part is a true fort which served as a nucleus for later buildings. In its present form the fortress is an irregular rectangle, comprising seven towers with walls 2 to 3 metres thick; all are square, with the exception of one which is L-shaped. A dry moat cut into the rock in several stages surrounds the castle. A set of hollowed-out water tanks is part of a network of canals and pools serving ten cisterns (including a main one) of different shapes and depths. The drawbridge, the barbican between two towers, the machicolations and the arrow slits make up the system of defence. The arrow slits, however, are different from those of other forts: via the use of movable stones those created in 1214 could be turned into windows in times of peace.

Among the ornamentation are shell motifs, some with inverted flutings, birds set opposite each other, and a Rukh bird, a mythical creature to be found in Iranian culture and the Thousand and One Nights.

The castle of Ajlun betrays the influence of such corner-towered Roman-Byzantine castella as Qasr al-Hallabat in Jordan, the palace of Bashir – attributed to the Roman emperor Maximinus – and the 4th-century palace of Thuraya. The Ummayads were also influenced by this kind of construction. Among contemporary fortresses with square or rectangular corner towers were Kawkab al-Hawa (1180) and Fort Azrak (1236). Ajlun is also architecturally similar to the citadel of Damascus (whose corner tower is L-shaped), the fort of Basra and Fort Jabal in Cairo.

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