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Automaton for measuring the quantity of blood in a bloodletting
al-Jazarî, Kitâb al-jâmi‘ bayn al-‘ilm wa l-‘amal al-nâfi‘ fî sinâ‘at al-hiyal
(Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices)
- Title/name : Automaton for measuring the quantity of blood in a bloodletting
- Production place : Syria / Egypt
- Date / period : Ramadan 715 AH/ December 1315
- Materials and techniques : Ink, opaque watercolour and gold on paper
- Dimensions : 21 x 35 cm
- Conservation town : Boston
- Conservation place : Museum of Fine Arts
- Inventory number : 31.124
In the third chapter of his treatise, al-Jazarī touches on the question of automata used for hygiene or treatment. This folio depicts an automaton for measuring the quantity of blood taken during a bloodletting. The functioning of this machine is based on the principle of floating bodies that transmit motion: a liquid that is poured into a recipient causes the ballcock to rise, leading to the lowering of a counterweight, which allows the amount of blood let to be measured.
The painting shows with a wealth of details the mechanism of this ingenious machine. In the lower section, two areas, into one of which the blood flows from a wide dish, where a red ballcock is linked by a system of pulleys to a blue counterweight located in the adjoining section. Above, two seated automata indicate the quantity of blood taken, topped by a third placed in a niche.
Under the colour, the traces of a preliminary drawing are visible. Flat tints were then added, and the details were touched up. The precision with which both the technical elements and the decorative motifs have been rendered attest to the pictorial quality of this copy, whose paintings show a Byzantine stylistic influence. It may be seen in the niche with the red background in which sits the figure that dominates the scene, as well as in the folds of his garment. The decorative motif that adorns the lower section of the automaton and the plant-motif medallion found in most of the paintings evoke, on the other hand, the Anatolian and Turkish world.
The way of thinking about the body and medicine in the Muslim world is based on concepts inherited from ancient Greece. The great number of translations of Greek texts into Arabic from the ninth century[1] enabled the appropriation and the development of ancient knowledge, and the emergence of great Muslim scholars such as Ibn Sīnā[2] and Ibn Rushd[3], the sum of whose scientific, philosophical and literary learning was passed on to the medieval West beginning in the twelfth century via translations of Arabic texts into Latin and often Hebrew. Bloodletting, a legacy of the ancient world, was practised continuously in both East and West, until modern times.
[1] Such as those of Galen (second century AD).
[2] Abū ‘Ali al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd Allah Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), 980–1037, born in Transoxiana, near Bukhara, wrote his Canon of Medicine around 1000.
[3] Abū l’-Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Córdoba, 1126–1198.
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