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Catalan Atlas
- Title/name : Catalan Atlas
- Author : Cresques Abraham
- Production place : Majorca, Spain
- Date / period : 1375-1380
- Materials and techniques : Parchment glued on wood
- Dimensions : 6 panels 65 x 50 cm forming a rectangle 65 x 300 cm
- Conservation town : Paris
- Conservation place : Bibliothèque Nationale de France
- Inventory number : MSS.ESP.30 (Département des Cartes et Plans - Cartography department)
This Catalan
atlas became part of the Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor’s collection in 1380
and is attributed to the Majorcan Jewish cartographer Cresques Abraham, who was
in the service of the king of Aragon
during the 14th century. It is one of the few surviving examples of
medieval cartography. This type of map known as a portulan[1],
indirectly formed the basis of modern maritime cartography.
In the texts
included in the atlas, its author refers to himself as “the master of globes
and compasses”. This atlas was obviously intended for a royal library and
documents belonging to the kings of Aragon, Pedro IV (r. 1336 – 1187) and Juan
I (r. 1387 – 1396) recount the payment of 150 Aragon gold florins and 60 Majorcan
pounds to this cartographer for the atlas. Other documents mention that while
he was prince in 1373, Don Juan desired a complete nautical chart showing
everything between “the Levant and the West”.
These are the origins of the gift given to Charles V.
The Atlas was
drawn up between 1375, a date that appears several times on the piece and 1380,
the date it entered Charles’ collection. It is the synthesis of material from several
sources and at the time represented the known world.
It is basically
a portulan-map, to which have been added extracts from travel accounts, the
Bible, legends, astronomical works and astrological studies. It is richly
illustrated and covers an area stretching from the Atlantic to China and from Scandinavia to the Rio Oro in Africa. This area is divided into six parchment covered,
wooden panels. The first panel includes astrological, astronomical and
cosmological texts and diagrams, the second consists of a large circle showing
solar and lunar calendars, the planets the seasons and the zodiac. The third
panel shows Western Europe, the Western Mediterranean
and North-West Africa. The fourth illustrates Eastern Europe, the Eastern
Mediterranean, the Black Sea, North-East Africa and the Near
East. The fifth panel shows Western Asia, the Caspian Sea, Iran, Mesopotamia, Arabia and the eastern areas
of India.
The final panel covers East Asia, the area between the East of India and China and
unknown Eastern Asian regions populated by apocalyptic images.
The Islamic East
was a huge empire where people travelled widely by both land and sea. The study
of astronomy was highly advanced with developments such as astrolabes,
celestial spheres and books illustrating the constellations. Early maps of
known territories were soon drawn up as show the examples made by Ibn Hawkal
(active 943 – 973), al-Idrisi, who worked in the court of Roger II of Sicily and in the 16th century, the maps, atlases, nautical charts (eg. The Piri Reis) and street plans drawn up by the Ottomans.
NOTE
[1] Nautical charts created from the end of the 13th century
in the Mediterranean basin used to locate ports and harbours.
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE ITEM
Oman, G., « al-Idrisi », in Encyclopédie
de l’Islam, III, Leyde/Paris : Brill/Maisonneuve et Larose, 1990.
Rashed, R. (dir), Histoire des sciences
arabes, t. I, « Astronomie, théorique et appliquée », Paris:
Seuil, 1997.
Mapamundi del año 1375 de Cresques
Abraham y Jafuda Cresques,
(facsimilé), Barcelona: Ebrisa, 1983
Soliman le Magnifique, exhib.
cat. Paris, Grand Palais, 1990, Paris: réunion des musées nationaux, 1990.
BNF, L’atlas catalan, [on line],
available at: http://expositions.bnf.fr/ciel/catalan/index.htm, (consulted 16
October 2008
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