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Gourd
- Title/name : Gourd
- Production place : Lebanon / Syria
- Date / period :
Twelfth century
- Materials and techniques : Moulded and assembled earthenware, affixed handles and necks; moulded decoration
- Dimensions : Height, 24 cm; diameter, 21.6 cm
- Conservation town : Beirut
- Conservation place : National Museum
- Inventory number : 25586
A flask with a round, flattened body and a neck with two appliqué handles, this gourd is made up of two parts that were moulded and joined. The decoration on both sides is identical: a large eight-pointed star adorned with birds and flourishes, at the centre of which there is another smaller six-pointed star, like the seal of Solomon, with a rosette in the middle.
Discovered in digs at Tyr, this gourd belongs to a type made of moulded unglazed terracotta that was very widespread in the Near East, especially during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. Despite a few changes, this shape seems to have survived over time, because similar gourds dated fourteenth-thirteenth century BC and coming from Cypress and Greece were found at Ras Shamra (Ugarit) in Syria[1]. Ampules with Christian motifs and dating back to the VIth century present a similar shape. They contained oils that the pilgrims brought back from the Holy Land or Egypt. Thus the name of "pilgrim's gourd" is often attributed to the gourds of the Islamic period because of their resemblance with the latter. It is more likely that they were used to contain water, because all are made of unglazed terracotta, which would allow some of the liquid to evaporate, keeping the rest cool.
There are two types of gourds: those with flattened bodies, attributed to the Ayyubid period; and those with convex bodies, Mamluk. The same technique is used for all of them: two moulded plates are joined with a ribbon to a central body on which are affixed the neck and the two handles. Some of these gourds are decorated with geometric and animal motifs, inscriptions, as well as coats of arms[2]. Their manufacture is generally attributed to the region of Syria because a large number of them was found there during archaeological digs. Kilns were also discovered at Hama and Damascus.
Riis, P. J., Poulsen, V., Hama, fouilles et recherches de la Fondation Carlsberg, 1931-1938 : Les verreries et poteries médiévales, Copenhague, 1957, s. n.
Sauvaget, J., Poteries syro-mésopotamiennes du XIVe siècle, Paris, 1932, E. Leroux.
Watson, O., Ceramics From Islamic Lands, Londres, 2004, Thames & Hudson, The al-Sabah Collection Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait National Museum.
Liban, l’autre rive, exh. cat., Paris, 1998, Institut du monde arabe, Flammarion.
L’Orient de Saladin, l’art des Ayyoubides, exh. cat., Paris, 2001, Institut du monde arabe, Gallimard, p. 102-103.
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