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Cantimplora
- Título / Denominación : Cantimplora
- Lugar de producción : Líbano/Siria
- Fecha / Periodo : siglo XIII
- Material y técnica : Cerámica arcillosa moldeada y ensamblada, asas y cuello añadidos; decoración moldeada
- Dimensiones : A. 24 cm; D. 21,6 cm
- Ciudad de conservación : Beirut
- Lugar de conservación : Museo nacional
- Número de Inventario : 25586
Petaca con cuerpo globuloso y aplastado, con cuello dotado de dos asas aplicadas, esta cantimplora está formada de dos partes moldeadas y reunidas. La decoración de dos caras es idéntica: una gran estrella con ocho ramas adornadas de pájaros y follajes, en el centro de la cual se encuentra otra estrella más pequeña con seis ramas, de tipo sello de Salomón, con una roseta en medio.
Descubierta en unas excavaciones en Tyr, esta cantimplora pertenece a un tipo de barro cocido moldeado no vidriado muy extendido en el Próximo Oriente, sobre todo en los periodos ayyubí y mameluco. A pesar de algunas evoluciones, esta forma parece haber perdurado en el tiempo, ya que fueron encontradas en Ras Shamra (Ougarit) en Siria[1] cantimploras similares que datan de los siglos XIV-XIII a.C. y que provienen de Chipre y Grecia. «Bombillas» con motivos cristianos y que datan del siglo VI presentan una forma comparable. Contenían aceites que los peregrinos traían de Tierra Santa o de Egipto. Así, el nombre de «cantimplora de peregrino» se atribuye a menudo a las cantimploras de época islámica a causa de su parecido con estas últimas. Es más probable que sirvieran para contener agua, ya que todas son de barro cocido no vidriado, lo que permitía a una parte del líquido evaporarse y conservar el resto fresco.
Existen dos tipos de cantimploras: las de panza aplastada, atribuidas al período ayyubí, y las de panza convexa, mamelucas. Para todas se utiliza la misma técnica: dos platos moldeados se pegan con un lazo con cuerpo central en el que se ajustan el cuello y las dos asas. Algunas de estas cantimploras se decoran con motivos geométricos y animales, inscripciones, así como emblemas de carga[2]. Su fabricación se atribuye generalmente a la región de Siria, ya que un gran número se encontró durante excavaciones arqueológicas. También se han descubierto hornos en Hama y Damasco.
[1] París, museo del Louvre, departamento de las antigüedades orientales. AO 13142.
[2] Cantimploras de los escudos de armas de Tuquztimur, Damasco, museo nacional, A 1557.
Riis, P. J. ; Poulsen, V., Hama, fouilles et recherches de la Fondation Carlsberg, 1931-1938 : Les verreries et poteries médiévales, Copenhague : s.n., 1957.
Sauvaget, J., Poteries syro-mésopotamiennes du XIVe siècle, Paris : E. Leroux, 1932.
Watson, O., Ceramics From Islamic Lands, Londres : Thames & Hudson/The al-Sabah Collection Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait National Museum, 2004.
Liban, l’autre rive (cat. exp. Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 1998-1999), Paris : Institut du monde arabe/Flammarion, 1998.
L’Orient de Saladin, l’art des Ayyoubides (cat. exp., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 2001-2002), Paris : Institut du monde arabe/Gallimard, 2001, p. 102-103.
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