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The Secret of Secrets
Secretum Secretorum
- Title/name : The Secret of Secrets
- Author : Attributed to Aristotle
- Production place : Tripoli, Lebanon
- Discovery place : Tripoli, Lebanon
- Date / period : Around 1220
- Materials and techniques : Parchment, black and colour ink
- Conservation town : Paris
- Conservation place : Bibliothèque nationale de France
- Inventory number : Manuscrits occidentaux, inv. Latin 11118
- Inscription :
Latin
This is a Latin translation of an Arabic text, the Kitâb sirr al-asrâr, which is presented in the form of a long letter written by Aristotle to Alexander the Great at the time of the conquest of Persia, in which the author offers the recipient moral, political and medical advice for governing his empire. The translation of Greek to Syriac then to Arabic is attributed to Yahya ibn Al-Bitriq (d. 815). The work falls within the tradition of the "Mirrors of the Princes", born with literary prose, which were developed in the Classic Arab-Muslim world from the ninth century, and of which exists a great number of works as varied as the Kalîla wa-Dimna by Ibn Al-Muqaffa‘ (eighth century) or the Kâbûsnâmeh (Book of Kâbûs) by Kay Kâ'ûs (d. ca 1100), to name only two.
The Secret of Secrets was known in Occidental Europe from the eighth century. The many manuscripts conserved in Latin and in several other vernacular languages attest of its success throughout the Middle Ages, popularity that continued until the Renaissance. It was circulated in Europe in two versions; one short and one long. The latter was translated into Latin after 1227 by Philip of Tripoli, an unknown clerk who dedicated his work to his bishop, Guy of Tripoli. According to Jean Richard, Philip's translation does not show him to be a talented translator, but it proves that the ecclesiastic milieu in Tripoli has not been indifferent to the existence of a seat of Oriental culture. The destruction of all the Latin libraries in Tripoli by the Mamluk in 1289 deprived us of information about other contacts of this nature.
This manuscript is written in Gothic cursive script, developed in the Occidental world from the seventh century, of which there are many variants. The uppercase characters are embellished with red; the initial letters are decorated with botanical motifs and embellished with red and blue.
Richard, J., "Le secret des secrets", in Liban, l’autre rive, exh. cat., Paris, 1998, Arab World Institute, Flammarion, p. 240.
Grinaschi, M., "La diffusion du Secretum secretorum (Sirr al-asrar) dans l’Europe Occidentale", in Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age, 48, 1980, p. 7-70.
Lorée, D., "Le statut du Secret des secrets dans la diffusion encyclopédique du Moyen Age", in Discours et Savoirs, Encyclopédies médiévales, Cahiers Diderot, 10, 1998, pp. 155-173.
Ryan, W.F., Schmitt, C.B., Pseudo-Aristotle, the Secret of Secret: sources and influences, London, 1982, Warburg Institute.
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