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Abassid bowls
- Title/name : Abassid bowls
- Production place : Jordan
- Discovery place : Jordan. A: excavations at Jarash; B: excavations at Tabaqat Fahl; C and D: excavations at Umm Qays
- Date / period : 9th-10thcentury
- Materials and techniques : A and B: ceramic coated with slip(?), painted decoration; C: ceramic, moulded and incised decoration; D: carved steatite, incised decoration
- Dimensions : A: H. 5 cm; L. 16.5 cm / B: H. 7 cm; Diameter of body 15 cm / C: H. 9 cm; Diameter of body 20 cm / D: H. 6.5 cm; Diameter: 18-19.3 cm
- Conservation town : A: Amman, Jordan; B, C, D: Irbid, Jordan.
- Conservation place : A: Jordan Archaeological Museum; B, C, D: Dar al-Saraya Museum
- Inventory number : A: J5203; B: Ir5815; C: Ir6991 (formerly Qa12); D: Ir6992 (formerly Qa13)
Making ceramics is a longstanding Islamic tradition. The methods of the Ummayad period (661-750) survived into the Abassid period (749-1258), during which potters developed increasingly elaborate decorative techniques.
Until the 1990s archaeologists believed that the transfer of the caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad had sufficed to create a cultural vacuum in Greater Syria, and in the south in particular. However, recent studies of sites in Syria, Jordan and Palestine have shown, after archaeological re-examination and the discovery of Ummayad beneath Abassid strata, that real continuity exists.
These four bowls are representative of the non-glazed Abassid ceramics made in southern Syria (Jordan) and in Jarash, Tabaqat Fahl and Umm al Qays; and also in Zuraih, near Tufayla, which was peopled, successively, by Nabateans, Byzantines, Ummayads and Abassids.
Bowls A, B and C are made of fired clay. D has been carved from steatite (soapstone). Making objects from steatite is a practice going back well before the Islamic era and one whose development – in the form of oil lamps, bowls and perfume burners – continued until the 10th century, extending as far afield as eastern Iran. Many of the known examples come from Jordan, from sites excavated by the Archaeology Department and then by the University of Jordan.
All four bowls have the same shape, with the flat base, vertical sides and straight edges frequently found in the lustred ceramics and glassware of the same period.
Bowl A, the most significant piece in the group, was made of local clay mixed with crushed stone and organic matter. The repeated geometrical-floral decoration on the belly was painted on slip and fired at the same time as the bowl itself. This principle was also applied to bowls C and D, the only differences being the colours of the clay and the ornamentation.
The decoration of bowl B is a network punctuated by small dots outlining rosettes and small quatrefoil flowers. These simple drawings have been done freehand.
Bowl C has very simple decoration comprising moulded triangular motifs inside three circular bands, with a few repeated striations and small buttons projecting from the surface. This type of ornamentation was very frequent at the time, on glazed and unglazed ceramics and on glass.
The steatite bowl, with two flat handles, has the same profile. The very simple decoration consists of vertical and circular lines intersecting with striated circles and semi-circles.
Saure, R., Umayyad Pottery from Sites in Jordan, Archaeology of Jordan and other Sites.
Saure, R., « The Pottery of Jordan in Early Islamic Periods », in S.H.A.J.L., 1, 1983.
Walmsley, A., « Pella Abbasid Fahill », in Akkadica, p. 438
Whitcomb, D., Excavation in Aqaba, Preliminary Report on the 1986 season, 1987
Whitcomb, D., « Fatimid Residence of Aqaba, Jordan », in ADAJ, 32, p. 207-224.
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