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Dish with epigraphic decorations
- Title/name : Dish with epigraphic decorations
- Production place : Cordoba region, Spain
- Discovery place : Madinat al-Zahra
- Date / period : 961-976
- Materials and techniques : Ceramic, with painted opaque glaze on obverse & clear glaze on reverse
- Dimensions : D.: 26 cm ; H.: 7 cm
- Conservation town : Madrid
- Conservation place : Museo Arqueológico Nacional
- Inventory number : 63.043
- Inscription :
al-mulk [authority, governance or power] appears twice across the base, in sloping Kufic script.
This dish is part of a set which made its way into Madrid's National Archaeological Museum in early 1943. The 37 ceramic and two glass pieces came from the Madinat al-Zahra archaeological site in Cordoba.
The plate was incomplete when discovered but was restored using the original fragments and reconstructed with coloured stucco.
It has a convex base and curved sides, and its straight edge has a rounded lip. The outside is covered in a honey-coloured glaze that is greenish in places, whilst on the inside, green and brown motifs are set against a white background.
Engraved on the bottom of the plate is the word al-mulk ('power', implying 'belonging to God': God’s omnipotence is evoked in Sura 67 in the Koran). The word, in green letters and outlined in black, appears twice.
The style of the lettering of al-mulk is known as linear Kufic, characterised by geometric, angular, steeply sloping letters. The use of this script to decorate ceramics is thought to date back to before the al-Hakam II Caliphate era (961-976 A.D.) when the floral Kufic style was developed.
A wide band frames the inscription, embellished by the foliage of six white swaying half-palmettes with buds, set against an alternating black or green background. The sense of movement and colour contrasts, popular during this period, serve to emphasise the ternary composition and add to its dynamic feel.
The colour contrasts achieved by mixing white green and black have encouraged some scholars to give them symbolic significance - white is associated with the Umayyad dynasty and green with the colour of the prophet Mohammed[1].
Al-mulk is the most frequently seen word in Al-Andalus decoration. The term may reflect the Umayyad dynasty’s respect for God. Some scholars, however, think it holds a special place in the decorative lexicon of the Umayyad Caliphate. They see it as relating to the 'power' held by the Umayyad, i.e. an uncompromising expression of Umayyad legitimacy, of established Caliphate order, but also, more specifically it is a symbol of this dynasty in the Western world[2].
Magic-religious connotations have even been attributed to it[3].
A specific feature of Cordoba green and brown ceramics during the Umayyad period is the use of black tint, not only to outline figures but also to colour motifs[4].
Similar palmettes are depicted against an alternating black or green background on items with lids discovered in Córdoba [5].
[1] Barceló, M., 1993.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Cano Piedra, C., 1996.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Cordoba, Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico Provincial, inv. 24216. See Al-Andalus. Las Artes Islámicas en España (1992), n° 27
Aranda Pastor, G., "Ataifor califal de Madînat al-Zahrâ’ (Córdoba)", in Ajuar de Cocina y Ajuar de Mesa: la Alimentación. Madrid: ed. Museo Arqueológico Nacional, "Pieza del mes,
ciclo 2005" , 2005.
Arias Sánchez, I., Balmaseda Muncharaz, L.; Franco Mata, Á. ; Papí Rodes, C., "Documentación, inventario y catalogación de los materiales procedentes de Medina Azahra (Córdoba) en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional", from Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, nº 19, Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 2001, p. 90-127.
Martínez Caviró, B., Cerámica Hispanomusulmana. Andalusí y Mudéjar, Madrid: ed. El Viso, 1991.
Rosselló Bordoy, G., "Ataifor" , in Al-Andalus: las Artes Islámicas en España, Exh. cat., Grenade, la Alhambra/New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992, Madrid: éd. El Viso, 1992, n° 25.
Zozaya, J., "Ataifor", in El Esplendor de los Omeyas Cordobeses, Exhibit. cat., Madinat al-Zahra, 2001, Granada: Fundación El Legado Andalusí, 2001, p. 170.
Barceló, M., « Al-Mulk, el verde y el blanco. La vajilla califal omeya de Madînat al Zahrâ’ », in La Cerámica Altomedieval en el Sur de Al-Andalus, Grenada, 1993, éd. Universidad de Granada.
Cano Piedra, C., La Cerámica Verde-Manganeso de Madinât al-Zahrâ’,Grenada, 1996, éd. Sierra Nevada 95.
Ocaña Jímenez, M., « El Cúfico hispano y su evolución », Cuadernos de Historia, Economía y Derecho musulmán, 1970, 1.
Rosselló Bordoy, G., Escrito en el Barro. Notas sobre Epigrafía en Cerámicas de Época Islámica, Palma de Majorque, 2000, Museu de Mallorca.
Zozaya, J., « Iconografía califal », Al-Andalus Omeya, Cordoba, 2002, éd. Fundación PRASA.
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