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The Villardompardo baths
- Name : The Villardompardo baths
- Place : Jaén, Magdalena area, Plaza de Santa Maria Luisa de Marillac
- Construction date/period :
11th – 15th century
- Construction materials : Brick, limestone, marble, clay. Decoration: Mural paintingle
- Recipient/Mandatory : The first written mention of this building dates from 1002 when Alî al-Nâsir ibn Hammûd (Caliph of al-Andalus en 1013) was proclaimed ruler of Jaen.
- Dimensions : Surface area: 400 m², Vestibule: 14 m², Cold room: 11 m², Hot room 15.9 m², Warm room :11.3 m², Height 5m²
- Inscriptions :
Renovation was started in 1936 under the direction of Leopoldo Torres Balbás. This work was continued under Luis Berges between 1970 and 1985. The site was declared “of cultural interest” in 1936 and the baths were placed under state protection.
This establishment was constructed to serve as a public bathhouse for the town of Jaen. And as such, constitutes an important element of al-Andalus civil architecture.
The baths were constructed with semi-circular and horseshoe arches and barrel-vaulted ceilings. The bases and capitals of the columns are in carved limestone, while the cylinders in dressed stone. Some traces of decoration still exist in the form of small colonnades and geometrical compositions painted in ochre and red.
Following on from roman tradition, this bathing complex is without doubt the most important Muslim site remaining in Jaén. Its size makes it the largest Arab bathhouse on the Iberian Peninsula. Its layout follows the traditional pattern with a vestibule linked to a number of parallel rooms. After the cold room, we find the square warm room with a pool for washing made from hewn limestone blocks. The Hot room is oriented north-east/south-west and the remains of its decoration of interlacing patterns can still be seen.
Under the floor, heating ducts and six vertical chimneys are connected to the central boiler. Originally the floors were paved with marble but this was replaced with sheets of adobe. The vaulted ceilings let in light through holes of different shape in each room. A semi-circular archway in the wall opposite the entrance leads to the boiler room. Two square, vaulted rooms lie on either side. On the right were two cold-water latrines.
These bathhouses are perfect examples of civil architectural projects carried out in al-Andalus. Similar constructions from the same period exist in Granada, Ronda (Malaga) and Cordoba. The Alhambra baths, which were constructed later, are of a different style.
These baths were badly damaged in 1246, when the Christians conquered Jaen. In the 15th century, the baths were transformed into a tannery, the traces of which can still be seen. At the end of the 16th century, the Count of Villarpompardo, Don Fernando de Torres y Portugal, had his palace constructed on the site of the baths, which became part of the cellars of the new building. The baths were then forgotten until rediscovered by Don Emilio Romero de Torres in 1913. At present they are in a satisfactory state and are the subject of a number of studies, which aim to improve on the renovation work already carried out.
Bergés Roldán, L., « Los Baños árabes de la Alta Andalucía », in Actas del XXIII Congreso Internacional de Historia del Arte, III, Grenade: Universidad, 1977.
Ibid, « Los Baños árabes de Jaén », in Revista de Construcción, 151, 1985.
Ibid, Baños Árabes del Palacio de Villardompardo, Jaén : Diputación Provincial, 1989.
López Guzmán, R., La Arquitectura de al-Andalus: Almería, Granada, Jaén y Málaga. Grenade : Fundación El Legado Andalusí-Comares, 2002.
Salvatierra Cuenca, V., Guía Arqueológica de la Campiña de Jaén, Grenade : Fundación El Legado Andalusí, 1995.
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