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The Cloister of Monreale Cathedral
Located near Palermo, Monreale was chosen as
the site for the construction of a Benedictine abbey by King William II
(reigned 1166–1189) on an unknown date (it was first mentioned in 1174). In
1183, Monreale became an archiepiscopal see and the church was elevated to the
rank of cathedral. It is not known exactly when construction was completed but
it is believed to have ended on the death of William II.
Apart from the church, the cloister joined to
the south side is all that remains of the original monastic buildings. The
cloister is very regular and has a square plan. The central garden is surrounded
by four galleries. They are completed by an open aedicula that contains a
monumental fountain in the south-west corner. Each of the galleries surrounding
the garden is composed of 26 pairs of colonnettes resting on stylobate walls, within
which are central walkways. The corners are embellished with clusters of four
colonnettes, bringing the total number of columns to 208 (220 when the
additional columns are included). They are surmounted by double or quadruple
capitals, topped by abacuses on which rest the pointed arches that rhythmically
decorate the galleries. Polychrome diaper work has been used to trace the
shapes of geometric motifs on the voussoirs and curves of these arches.
This architectural ensemble is particularly
famous for the decorations on the columns. The shafts of the colonnettes are
smooth, carved, or enhanced with various geometric compositions using marquetry
and/or polychrome mosaics. The capitals and abacuses are also decorated. While
the capitals are decorated with an ornamental repertoire (vegetal friezes or
geometric compositions), the decoration on the abacuses is varied. In some
cases, the decoration consists of leaf motifs that sometimes include winged
creatures, heads, and even putti
and little warriors. Some of the decorations include scenes from the New and
Old Testament; others are representations of allegories, which are not always
identifiable. Finally, on one of the capitals there’s a representation of
William II offering the model of the church to the Virgin, to whom the
cathedral is dedicated. There doesn’t seem to be any real logic in the
arrangement of the scenes and an adequate explanation for the decorative work
has yet to be found.
The incredible extent of the work carried out
in a relatively short space of time may indicate that the work—five main
distinct styles are present—was accomplished simultaneously in several
workshops. There has for a long time been some dispute about the training of
the various craftsmen: some believe there’s a Burgundian influence, while
others believe there are influences from Provence, Campania, and Emilia, or
even from Chartres Cathedral. These are the main theories, each of which has a
tendency to reject previous theories with more or less vehemence. More recently,
there’s been a tendency to believe that it is the work of two successive teams:
the first had previously worked on building the cloister of Cefalù, and the
second is credited with the construction of the smallest ambo in Salerno
Cathedral.
Although it is
evident that this ensemble has been influenced by various sources, it has its
own distinctive character, marked by a strong classicism and a majestic
appearance that reflects the personality of its patron.
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE MONUMENT
R.
Salvini, Il chiostro di Monreale, 1962 ; N. Bernacchio,
« Monreale - scultura », Enciclopedia dell'arte medievale,
VIII, 1997, p. 527-528.
B. Brenk, « Zur programmatik der kapitelle im
Kreuzgang von Monreale. Rhetorik der varietas als herrscherliches
Anspruchsdenken », Opere e giorni. Studi su mille anni di arte
europea, p. 43-50, 2001.
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