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Tiles with floral decoration
- Title/name : Tiles with floral decoration
- Production place : Netherlands
- Discovery place : Syria
- Date / period : End of the seventeenth century
- Materials and techniques : Earthenware; ornamentation painted on stanniferous glaze
- Dimensions : 501 tiles, each measuring 12.8 cm
- Conservation town : Beirut
- Conservation place : Robert Moawwad Private Museum
- Inventory number : RMPM G9, G10, G11 (473 carreaux), G16, G17 (28 carreaux) Former Henri Pharaon collection
These 501 high-quality
Dutch ceramic tiles are for the most part incorporated in a room of the Robert Moawwad
Museum, originally the
dining room of the Pharaon house. Others are in two places on the upper floor.
They are decorated, using several shades of cobalt blue on a white background,
with bouquets set in vases, at the centre, and single flowers positioned diagonally
in the corner of each tile. Ten or so models of bouquets can be observed,
inspired by sixteenth century and seventeenth century engravings
of flowers. Certain vases were identified as Chinese vases exported during that
period to Europe, while others were
manufactured locally.
It seems that very few
similar tiles remain in the Netherlands.
The closest are those of Het
Loo Palace,
near Amersfoort,
built in 1690-92. The Beirut tiles come from the Bassili House in Alep where a few are still to be found in the entry
courtyard. According to John Carswell, other Dutch tiles from the same period
were present in Alep, in an Ottoman home in
the citadel and in the Greek Orthodox church at Jdeideh. All of them belonged
to a series of faiences produced in the Netherlands from the second half of
the seventeenth century, influenced by the large-scale importation of Chinese porcelains
by the East India Dutch Company. Created in 1602 and active for two centuries,
until it was liquidated in 1795, this company was the largest of the first
modern European trade companies operating in Asia. Through
trade it promoted the circulation of patterns between the Extreme Orient, the
Islamic world and the Occident.
The faiences of the Republic of the
Seven United Provinces, known by the restrictive terms of "Delft" or "delftware",
were themselves exported on a large scale throughout the Occident[1] as well as to the Islamic countries. Unfortunately, the exports
toward the Middle East were poorly documented
as compared to those destined for European countries, due to the fact that the
tiles were often poorly identified. Two recent studies addressed the use of
Dutch tiles: one concerned the Ottoman palaces built in Algiers in the eighteenth century
(for example the Dar Hasan Pacha), whereas the second focused on the tiles of a
church (Surp Kriko Lusavoriç) in Istanbul
dating back to the eighteenth century. In this text, a comparison was
made with Dutch tiles from the same period found in the harem at Topkapi.
These Dutch tiles demonstrate not
only the influence of Chinese porcelain, but also the popularity of these
patterns on both sides of the Mediterranean. This Chinese influence is also
evident in Syrian tile production in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries (examples
in the Robert Moawwad Museum
and in the Georges Antaki private collection in Alep).
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE ITEM
Carswell, J.,
"Tiles", The Future of the Past, Catalogue of the Robert Moawwad Private Museum, Beirut, 2006, p. 267, 280-281.
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Couranjou J.,
"Nederlandse tegels in Algiers
tijdens het Turks Regentshap (1518-1830)", [Netherlands. Les carreaux
néerlandais dans la Régence
turque d’Alger (1518-1830)], in Tegel, 26 1998, pp. 36-41.
Theunissen, H.,
Tişkaya, Z., "The Dutch Tiles of Surp Krikor
Lusavoriç Church
in Istanbul",
in Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies, VIII, 2005, p. 1-41.
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