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Umayyad fils
- Title/name : Umayyad fils
- Production place : Baalbek, Lebanon
- Discovery place : Baalbek, Lebanon
- Date / period : Seventh century
- Materials and techniques : Struck bronze
- Dimensions : diameter, 1.3 cm; weight, 4.23 gr.
- Conservation town : Beirut
- Conservation place : Archaeological Museum of the American University
- Inventory number : C83.2
- Inscription :
Greek: ΗΛΙΥΠΣ
Arabic: بعلبك
- Translation :
Heliopolis
Baalbek
At the beginning of the conquests, the Muslims continued to use the coinage in use in the regions that they had just subjugated. Thus, for several decades, after their capture of a part of the Byzantine territory where the coining of gold dominated, and of Persia, a region dominated by the silver drachma, they adopted the coining of a gold dinar and a silver dirham. This coinage was complemented by copper coins, imitating the Byzantine follies and called fulus. These coins faithfully imitated their Byzantine or Persian models. The caliph is represented as either Emperor Heraclius, in an iconography that is close to that of Christ – same attributes, especially the orb – or as a Sassanid sovereign. However, the imprint of Islam is already present in the form of legends in Arabic asserting the supremacy of the new religion, the uniqueness of God and the acknowledgement of Mohamed as His prophet.
The coins from the beginning of the Umayyad Dynasty are rare because many were melted down. Those that were conserved are a faithful reflection of the political and administrative history of the VIIth century in the Muslim world. In 697, Caliph ‘Abd Al-Malik (r. 685-705) undertook administrative reforms including a reform of the currency. Minting of new coins was part of the Arabisation objective. Figures disappeared in favour, on the obverse, of the profession of the Muslim faith (al-shahâda) and phrases from the Quran, and on the back of the place, date of striking and name of the sovereign. These changes bear witness to the power of the Umayyad caliph and of Islam, constituting an element of unity and cohesion within the Muslim community.
Bronze coins bear, on the obverse, the figures of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and his son wearing crowns and holding sceptres; a cross is set between them. On the back, there is the letter M topped with a cross. The word Heliopolis, written in Greek letters, appears on the contour of the coin, and the word Ba’albak in Arabic letters is inscribed in motto.
The first Umayyad coins minted in Baalbek are definitely important as they indicate that it was in the VIIth century that the ancient name of Heliopolis was abandoned in favour of the Semitic word "Ba’albak". The oldest written Arab source that cites this name in fact only goes back to the ninth century.
Jidejian, N., Baalbek through the Ages, Beyrouth, 1975, Dar el Machreq, p. 71-72, fig. 361-362.
Album, S., Goodwin, T., The Pre-Reform coinage of the Early Islamic Period, Oxford, 2002, Ashmolean Museum.
Goodwin, T., « Notes on the Arab-Byzantine Mint of Baalbek », in As-Sikka, 2.2, été 2000.
Goodwin, T., Arab-Byzantine Coinage, Londres : Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions, 2005.
Morrisson, C., « Le monnayage omeyyade et l’histoire administrative et économique de la Syrie », in Canivet, P. ; Rey-Coquaid, J.-P., La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam VIIe-VIIIe siècles, Damas, 1992, Institut français de Damas, p. 309-317.
Walker, J., A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umayyad Coins, Londres, 1956.
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