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Great Mosque of Nedroma
- Name : Great Mosque of Nedroma
- Place : Nedroma, Algeria
- Construction date/period : Mosque: 1145; minaret: 1348
- Construction materials : Stone, brick, plaster, roofing tiles, wood; décor: brick, ceramic, marble, sculpted plaster
- Author : Mosque: Yûsuf ibn Tâshufîn; minaret: the architect Muhammad al-Sîsî
- Dimensions : Prayer hall: 23.8 x 9.7 m (274.51 m2); courtyard: 9 x 6.8 m (surface 61.2 m2); minaret, H. 23.20 m
- Inscriptions :
1- Inscription on the pulpit: engraved on a cedar plaque in Kufic script, it is comprised of a middle section, decorating the centre of the plaque, and a section on the surrounding edges. It commemorates the fabrication of the pulpit by the prince Yûsuf ibn Tâshufîn in the 11th century
2-Inscription on the minaret: engraved epigraph on marble in Maghreb cursive script, sculpted in relief on a green ground.
1- Middle section: من يتبع غير الإسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه. هذا ما أنعم به الأمير السيد يوسف بن تاشفين أدام الله توفيقه وأجزل. كان الفراغ منه على يدي الفقيه القاضي أبو محمد عبد الله يوم الخميس السابع عشر من شهر...
Surrounding section (الر)حمن الرحيم وصلى الله... وآله الطيبين وسلم تسليما. لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله " إن الدين عند الله..."
2بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صلى الله على سيدنا محمد . بنا هذا الصامع أهل ندرومة بأموالهم وأنفسهم وكل احتساب لله وانبنت في خمسين يوما وبناها محمد بن عبد الحق بن عبد الرحمن الشيصي عام تسع وأربعين وسبعمائة رحمة الله عليهم أجمعين.
- Transcription :
1- Man yatabi’h ghayra….al’islami dinana falan yukbal minhu….Hadha ma an’ama bihi al’amir al’sayid…Yusuf bnu Tachfin adama Allahu tawfiqahu wa adjzala……kana al’fararghou minhu ala yaday al’faqih al’qadhi Abu…Muhammad Abdu’llah…….yawm al’khamis al’saabih aachar min chahri…….Le pourtour :…H’man al’rahim wa salla Allahu…wa alihi al’tayibin wa sallama tasliman la illaha illa Allah Muhammad rassoulou Allah (inna al’dina inda Allah…)
2- Bismi Allah Al’Rahman Al’Rahim salla Allah ala Sayidina MuhammadBana hadha al’sami’i ahl NadroumaBiamwalihim wa anfussihim wa koui ihtissabLillah wa anbanat fi khamssin yawman Wa banaha Muhammad bnu Abdu Al’haqq Bnu AbduArrahman Al’chissi aam tish wa arbaiinWa sabu’u mia rahimahu AllahAlayhim adjmaiin.
- Translations-inscriptions :
1- Middle section: Whosoever seeks out a religion other than Islam will not be accepted. This is a gift from the Emir and Sire Yûsuf ibn Tâshufîn to whom Allah ensures long-lasting success and fulfilment. Here lies the accomplishment, by the careful supervision of the Jurisconsult, of the Cadi, Abû Muhammad ‘Abd Allâh. On the Thursday of the seventeenth of the month….
1- Surrounding section: …the Clement, the Merciful may Allah bless him…and his excellent family and grant them Salvation. There is no other God than Allah and Muhammad is Allah’s messenger (religion according to Allah)…
2- In the name of Allah the Clement, the Merciful. May Allah bless our Sire Muhammad- The inhabitants of Nedroma have hereby built this minaret- With their fortunes and their souls. In praise of Allah. It was built in fifty days- It was built by Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Haqq ibn ‘Abd ar-Rahmân al-Sîsî in the year forty-nine-And seven hundred- May the mercy of Allah- Be upon us all.
The shape of the Great Mosque of Nedroma shares common features with The Great Mosque of Damascus, albeit in more modest proportions; above all, it belongs to the family of Andalusian-style mosques, in the line of the Great Mosque of Córdoba, characterised by bays set perpendicular to the qibla wall. Rectangular in shape, the edifice can be accessed through gateways set in the angles of the north wall, opening onto naves perpendicular to the qiblî wall and continuing into a quadrangular courtyard, forming triple lateral porticos. The courtyard, situated along the axis of the mihrâb, opens onto the prayer hall whose nine naves make for three bays. The horseshoe arches rest on pillars. The area preceding the mihrâb is covered by a cloister vault; there is every reason to suppose that this square was never covered by a cupola. The mihrâb is comprised of a niche in the form of a polygon—like so many medieval mosques in western Algeria influenced by the architecture of the Great Mosque of Córdoba.
The minbar[1], of which only the backs and the sides remain, carries a fine inscription in Kufic script in the qarmatique style, a style that appeared for the first time in tenth-century Tunisia. The sides are similar to those of the pulpits of the Umayyad mosque of Medina and the mosque of Andalous in Fez[2].
The minaret is set in the north-east corner of the courtyard—a particularity of ‘Abd al-wadides edifices—and clearly influenced by the Almohads if we are to take into account its placement. The same placement of the minaret can be seen in Kutubiyya and Seville, namely in the north-east corner. Its square shaft has a lantern on top and its ornamentation is organised within rectangular compartments. In the lower section, two poly-lobed arches (like the Agadir minaret) are surmounted by a striking network of lozenges, created by the intersections of curvilinear arches. None of this ornamentation is visible in the upper band, which may once have had a mosaic frieze in ceramic, as we see on the minaret of the mosque in ’al-‘Ubbâd (near Tlemcen, 1339). The ornamentation in networks of lozenges was used for the first time by the Almohads in the minuret of the Kutubiyya, and later on minarets in the casbah of Marrakesh, on the Hasan mosque in Rabat (1196-1197) and on the Giralda in Seville (late twelfth century).
The architecture of the Great Mosque of Nedroma presents certain specific architectonic elements, such as the horseshoe arches with their two central arcs. The origin of the round horseshoe arch is open to some debate. L. Golvin considers that the Byzantines were using it as early as the fourth century, as both the baptisteries of Mar Ya‘qûb in Nisibin and that of Khuja Kalesi (sixth century) attest. H. Terrasse raises the fact that it was frequent in Visigoth Spanish architecture.
[1] Currently in conservation at the Musée national des Antiquités et Arts islamiques of Algiers.
[2] Fez, Batha Museum, s.n.
Bourouiba, R., Les inscriptions commémoratives des mosquées d’Algérie, Algiers, OPU, 1984, p. 81-86
Bourouiba, R., L’art religieux musulman en Algérie, Alger, S.N.E.D., 1983
Bourouiba, R., Apports de l’Algérie à l’architecture religieuse arabo-islamique, Algiers, OPNA, 1956
Marçais, G., “La chaire de la Grande Mosquée de Nedroma”, in Revue Africaine (cinquantenaire de la faculté de lettres d’Alger), 1881-1882, p. 321-342
Marçais, G., L’architecture musulmane d’occident, Tunisie, Algérie, Espagne et Sicile, Paris, Arts et Métiers Graphiques, 1957, p. 87
“Cinquantenaire de la faculté des lettres d’Alger (1881-1931)”, in Revue africaine, 1932, p. 321
Marçais, G., Le musée Stéphane Gsell, Algiers: Imprimerie officielle, 1950, p. 17, pl. IV
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