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Bowl with three lions
- Title/name : Bowl with three lions
- Production place : Kairouan, Tunisia
- Discovery place : Kairouan
- Date / period : Tenth–eleventh centuries
- Materials and techniques : Clay ceramic, painted decoration on glazing
- Dimensions : H. 11 cm; Diam. 28 cm; Diam. of base: 10.5 cm
- Conservation town : Tunis
- Conservation place : National Museum of Bardo
- Inventory number : 107
This fairly large bowl stands on a ring base. The slanting wall is carinated at three quarters of its height, and then vertical, ending with a cleft rim. The bowl has undergone extensive restoration and is covered with a light yellow glaze whose altered colour is almost certainly due to the fact that is was buried for a long period.
The interior of the vertical wall is covered with green and brown chequering. At the base, three tangent circles are drawn out in green. Inside each one is a galloping lion with its head thrown back. At the tip of each lion's tail is a fleuron; the tails are upright over their backs and the bodies are covered with the same delicate chequered pattern that is found on the triangles separating the circular frames. Green strips outlined with brown highlight the outside rim of the object.
The lion, a theme of strength and power, is a frequent theme on objects found throughout the regions of the Islamic world. In addition to ceramics, it is found on wood, ivory, stone sculpture, enamelled glass, miniatures and textiles. Among the many examples that may be mentioned, there are several Andalusian pyxes and ivory chests[1], and Fatimid objects such as an ivory plaque[2]. The lion theme was also used in Sicilian Norman iconography at the Royal Palace of Palermo, in Roger II's chamber, where two lions, face-to-face, are strangely reminiscent of the lions of Ifriqiyan dishes. They are certainly a reminder of the emblem of the Norman dynasty of the Hauteville. The garment known as the cloak of Roger II in Vienna is ornamented with two lions attacking two camels, one on each side of a tree of life, symbolising the Norman victory over the Muslims.
It is worth mentioning that the theme of three animals in a circle, or in groups of three in a girouette, is frequent in Islamic iconography[3].
[1] Chest, Spain, Cordoba, tenth century, sculpted ivory. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, inv. 10 – 1866.
[2] Eleventh-twelfth centuries, Berlin, Museum fûr Islamische Kunst, inv. I 6375.
[3] Potsherd from Egypt or Syria, late twelfth century. Silicon ceramic with painted glazed decoration. Cairo, Museum of Islamic Art, Inv. 6939/1.
Skik, K., Musée du Bardo, département musulman, Tunis, 1974, INAA, p. 23, fig. 14
Le vert et le brun, de Kairouan à Avignon, céramiques du Xe au XVe siècle, (exh. cat., Marseille, Chapelle de la Vieille Charité, 1995, Marseille), Paris, 1995, Musées de Marseille, RMN, p. 84, n° 42.
Daoulatli, A., « La production vert et brun en Tunisie du IXe au XIIe siècle : Etude historique et stylistique », in Le vert et le brun, de Kairouan à Avignon, céramiques du Xe au XVe siècle, (exh. cat., Marseille, Chapelle de la Vieille Charité, 1995), Marseille, Paris, 1995, Musées de Marseille, RMN, p. 68- 89.
Grube, E.J., Islamic pottery of the eighth to the fifteenth century in the Keir collection, Londres, 1976, Abas trading corporation establishment.
Découvrir l'art islamique en Méditerranée, Vienne, 2007, Edisud, p.52, 100-101.
Les Andalousies, de Damas à Cordoue, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 2000), Paris, 2000, IMA, Hazan, p. 120-121.
L'Orient de Saladin, l'art des Ayyoubides, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du monde, 2001), Paris, 2001, IMA, Gallimard, p. 123.
Terres secrètes de Samarcande, céramiques du VIIIe au XIIIe siècle, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du Monde Arabe, 1992), Paris, 1992, IMA.
Trésors fâtimides du Caire, (exh. cat., Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 1998), Paris, 1998, SDZ, p. 220-221.
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