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Round container decorated with animals
- Title/name : Round container decorated with animals
- Author : Burd ibn Nūwas
- Production place : Spain
- Discovery place : The Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul abbey at Caunes-Minervois (the Aude department in southern France)
- Date / period : Twelfth century
- Materials and techniques : Carved elephant ivory and gold-plated copper
- Dimensions : Height 8cm; diameter 12cm
- Conservation place : Carcassonne Cathedral
- Inscription :
An Arabic formula in kufic script repeated twice on the belly: ‘full blessing and total favour’. There's another Arabic inscription engraved on the back of an animal, near the rosette: ‘handcrafted by Burd ibn Nūwas’.
The elephant ivory container, of flattened spherical form, has a partially damaged bottom. The topmost part of the lid has been strengthened with copper plate. Two pairs of rosettes with suspension rings have been attached on top of each other around the edges and the belly. The gold-plated mount is composed of two parallel rods joined together, which embrace the curvature of the container and end in lance-shaped points.
The decoration consists of low-relief carving. Braiding runs along each of the calottes. Various animals are depicted on the lid: gazelles being bitten by lions, and an eagle attacking a bird. On the belly of the object there are peacocks facing each other and a frieze of gazelles. The animal decorations and clasps indicate that the object is probably of Hispano-Moresque rather than Sicilian origin. The animals have neither the dynamism, nor the slightly enlarged heads that are found on ivory objects from Amalfi or Salerno. The locking mechanism is similar to that of most of the ivory containers made in medieval Spain.
The container, which originally came from the Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul abbey at Caunes-Minervois (the Aude department in southern France), is currently in Carcassonne Cathedral. There is no doubt that the object is of Muslim origin. The slightly clumsy style of the animal representations indicates that it was made in a minor workshop (possibly Mudéjar), or by Muslim craftsmen who worked under Christian control. It may also have been made in a workshop in Al-Andalus that produced work for export—a workshop that was active at the end of the Taifa (1091) period, for example. If that is the case, the object may be a lot older than we think. Finely crafted objects were made for and commissioned by the princely houses or wealthy churches. The theme of peacocks facing one another is, in fact, common to both Christian and Muslim cultures. The actual volume of the object corresponds with that of a pyx, in which the consecrated bread of the Eucharist is kept, or a reliquary box, which could be put on display thanks to its suspension rings.
Whatever its use, the animal themes, like the kufic inscriptions used in these precious works, were often copied by contemporary Roman craftsmen who saw them as purely ornamental. They can also be found in the decorations on church capitals, and the iconography of illuminated manuscripts, examples of which can be seen in the rich illustrations of the Commentary on the Apocalypse (Commentaria In Apocalypsin) by Saint Beatus of Liébana.
Kühnel, E., Die Islamischen Elfenbeinskulturen
8-13 Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1971, n° 141, pl.CXII.
Les Trésors des églises de France, exh. cat., Paris-1965, Paris, 2005, n° 591, Pl. 5, et p.327.
La France romane, exh. cat., Paris, 2005, Musée
du Louvre, Hazan, n°117, p. 169.
Makariou, S., « L’ivoirerie de la péninsule Ibérique au XIe et XIIe siècle: entre Andalus et Hispania », in Les Cahiers de Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa, XXXV, 2004, p. 537-539.
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