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Lamp
- Title/name : Lamp
- Discovery place : Alahambra Mosque of Granada, Spain (where the Santa Maria Church currently stands)?
- Date / period : 705H./1305
- Materials and techniques : Cast bronze alloy; engraving and inlay
- Dimensions : H. total: 230 cm; H. of the body in the form of a truncated pyramid: 54 cm; D. of the base: 79 cm
- Conservation town : Madrid
- Conservation place : Museo Arqueologico Nacional. Une copie de cette pièce est conservée au Museo de la Alhambra.
- Inventory number : Inv. 50519
- Inscription :
On the upper part and on the lower section of the body, across two lines, in naskhî script: The dynastic motto of the Nasrids: “There is no conqueror but God”.
On the bottom edge of the piece is an inscription in cursive letters:
“In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate. May the peace and blessing of God be upon our master Mohammad and upon his progeny. Commanded by our lord, his majesty the Sultan, who is the favoured, and the victorious, the just, the noble, the conqueror of cities, and the ultimate in just conduct among [God’s] servants, Emir of the Muslims Abu ‘Abdallah, son of our lord al-Ghalib-illah, the victorious by the grace of God, Emir of the Muslims, Abu ‘Abdallah, may the Almighty favour [him] beneath it, to him whom my light illuminates with its splendour and care of its… with wholesome intent and absolute conviction
This lamp, it is believed, probably hung in the mosque of the Alhambra in Granada before it became part of the treasury of Cardinal Francisco Cisneros. It was then bequeathed to the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso à Alcalá de Henares and, finally, entered the collection of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid as part of a lot assigned to the State’s holdings on March 20, 1868.
It is composed of several elements: a vertical shaft formed of cylindrical tubes on which four spheres alternate, the highest one formed of a bulb with a hook for hanging the lamp. The three other spheres increase in size towards the body of the lamp, the lowest resting on a cone-shaped piece with eight sides. All are pierced with epigraphic and vegetal motifs. The body itself forms a truncated pyramid and is composed of four panels.
The vegetal and epigraphic inlay has been realized with a perfect sense of balance between what is hollow and full. The inscription stands out on a field of curvilinear stems, decorated with a thin leafy arabesque, complete with palmettes and buds.
This lamp was procured without the wide hinged arms that open out from the pyramidal base and form a crown—only some of the original joints remained. Sixteen pairs of arms spread out over two series and placed at different heights support crystal bowls that hold and reflect the light floating on oil.
Even without these crowns of light, this magnificent lamp is a true masterpiece of Andalusian metalwork. Undoubtedly it was the main light of the Alhambra Mosque founded by Mohammad III. A. Fernández Puertas postulates that it was probably hung in the central nave, in front of the mihrâb. Its polygonal structure took its form from a bell transformed into a lamp[1]. M. Gómez Moreno has noted that a lamp from the madrasa al-‘Attarin in Fez, founded in 1323, has the same vegetal openwork as this lamp which belonged to Mohammad III: It may be that both were produced in Granada.
Lamps with truncated pyramidal forms already existed in Anatolie seldjukide[2]. Furthermore, some scholars believe the ornamentation shows stylistic influences of the art developed in this region[3]. Other such lamps have also been identified in Syria and Mamluk Egypt[4].
[1] This is the case of the lamp in the mosque of al-Qarawiyyîn in Fez that has a bell at its core that comes from Jabal al-Fath, taken as a trophy by the Marinid prince ‘Abû Mâlik in 1333. Cf. Al-Andalus: las Artes Islámicas en España, 1992, n° 58.
[2] Paris, Musée du Louvre, inv. OA 7890.
[3] Azuar Ruiz, R., 1992, p. 277.
[4] Cairo, Museum of Islamic Art, inv. 3083 (published in: Album du musée arabe du Caire, Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1930, p. 58).
Azuar Ruiz, R., « Lámpara » in Al-Andalus: las Artes Islámicas en España, (exhib. cat., Grenada, Alhambra/New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992), Madrid : Ed. El Viso, 1992, p. 276-277, n° 57.
Balmaseda Muncharaz, L. ; Zozaya Stabel-Hansen, J.; Franco Mata, Á., Museo Arqueológico Nacional. Edad Media: Salas XXIV-XXXV, Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura, 1991, p. 45-111, en particulier p. 70-72.
Fernández-Puertas, A., « Tipología de lámparas de bronce de al-Andalus y el Magrib», in Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos, Sección Árabe-Islam, n° 48, Grenada : Universidad de Granada, 1999, p. 379-392, en particulier p.389-392.
Fernández-Puertas, A., « El arte », in Jover Zamora, J. M. (dir.), El reino nazarí de Granada (1232-1492). Sociedad, vida y cultura, Madrid : Espasa-Calpe, « Historia de España Menéndez Pidal », vol. VIII-IV, 2000, p. 193-284, in particuliar p. 272-273.
Torres Balbás, L., « Arte almohade, arte nazarí, arte mudéjar », Madrid : Ed. Plus Ultra, « Ars Hispaniae », vol. 4, 1949, p. 227, fig. 250 et p. 229.
Zozaya, J., « Lámpara », in Arte islámico en Granada. Propuesta para un Museo de la Alhambra, Grenade : Ed.Comares, 1995, p. 434-435, n° 187.
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