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Fortress of al-Qatraneh
- Name : Fortress of al-Qatraneh
- Place : Jordan
- Construction date/period : 1531
- Construction materials : Stone (sandstone, basalt)
- Architectural pattern : Suleiman the Magnificent
- Dimensions : 22.40 x 17.35 m; H. (average): 9 m
Situated at a stopover point on the pilgrim road, this fortress was intended to provide protection and services for the caravans. Many fortresses were built with this in mind by the Ottomans, as protectors of the Holy Places from 1517 onwards. Al-Qatraneh was mentioned as early as 1520 by the pilgrim Ibn al-Shama'.
The stone used came from local quarries. Well polished, it was used for the facing of the rubblestone and mortar walls, which it strengthened while also being pleasing to the eye. The inside walls were coated with plaster.
Some 100 kilometres south of Amman, the structure is rectangular. Seen from the outside it looks like a fortress, but the interior is that of a caravanserai, with rooms set on two levels along each side of a long rectangular courtyard. The entrance is in the middle of the wall on the south side; it comprises a round arch 3.05 metres high, inside which is a double door topped with a segmental arch. On three corbels above the doorway is a machicolation with a window and a small dome. Similarly set on three corbels, a bartizan – an overhanging turret – occupies the middle of the other three facades. From the entrance a small, groined-vault corridor leads to the courtyard, where the rooms are roofed with hemispherical domes or groined vaults. To the east of the courtyard a staircase leads to the upper level and to a defensive terrace shielded by merloned battlements. In the centre of the open courtyard is a rainwater cistern, while a spring a few metres to the east of the fort has its own pool and purification system. Ornamentation is sparse: on the south facade, around the entry arch, are three projecting round stones. Two types of arrow slits punctuate the facades.
As a structure, al-Qatraneh shows the influence of its site, the raw materials to hand and local climatic conditions. The same plan is to be found at the earlier Qasr al-Hallabat in Jordan, then in such Ummayad residences as Qasr al-Kharana in Syria, at Fort Azrak (1236), the first phase of Ajlun (1184) and in Mameluke fortresses like that of Qa’it Bay in Alexandria (1477). It was also adopted for the Ottoman forts built along the Egyptian pilgrim route, among them Fort Alaznm (1538) in Saudi Arabia. The use of bartizans is said to have been influenced by the projections over the doors in the Fatimid wall in Cairo (Bab al-Futuh, Bab al-Zuwayla). This feature is present in the Ottoman castles in Turkey, the Islamic West and Saudi Arabia, as well as in many modern and medieval castles and palaces in the West.
ابن الشماع. عيون الأخبار ، جزء 2، لوحه 34(مخطوط)
ابن إياس. بدائع الزهور في وقائع الدهور، تحقيق محمد مصطفى،
1379 هجري/ 1959م طبعة 2، جزء 4 ص.ص152،
جزء 5
ص.ص124
القاهرة.
ابن طولون مفاكهة الخلان في حوادث الزمان، تاريخ مصر والشام
الصالحي جزء 2 ص. 60- 121، تحقيق محمد مصطفى
المؤسسة
1962م المصرية للطباعة والنشر القاهرة
خوري، رامي القصور الصحراوية، دليل موجز للآثار ترجمة غازي 1988 بيشة، الكتبي، ناشرون عمان/ الأردن ص.ص 14- 23
رسلان، الأزنم خانا وبرجا، مجلة البحث العلمي والتراث الإسلامي
عبد المنعم العدد 4، 1401هـ.
1401هـ
فكري،أحمد مساجد القاهرة
ومدارسها، جزء 2، دار المعارف، مصر،
1965م لوحتا(4، 5).
مورينو، الفن الإسلامي في إسبانيا، ترجمة د. سيد عبد العزيز سالم،
جوميت. ص. 233، شكل: 256
Ayverdi, E. H., Osmanli Mimarisinin Istanbul Fatih Camiyeti, vol. 5, 1966, p. 665-674.
Brunnow, R. E., Dei provincial Arabia, vol. 2, Strasbourg, 1904, p. 18.
Creswell, K. A. C., Fortification in Islam before A.D 1250, Londres : Geoffrey Cumberlece Amen House, 1952, p. 113.
Parker, S. T., Romans and Saracens: A history of the Arabian frontier, Winnona Lake : American Schools of Oriental research, 1986, p. 28-29.
Sevgen, N., Anadolu Kaleleri Dogns sirketi Matbaasi, Ankara, 1959, pl. 98.
Sidney, T., The castles of the Bosphours, Ankara, 1965.
Utkular, I., Canak Kale Bogazinde, Istanbul, 1953, pl. 312, 321.
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