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Instruments médicaux
- Titre / dénomination : Instruments médicaux
- Lieu de découverte : Al-Andalus
- Ville de conservation : Torrecampo
- Lieu de conservation : Museo PRASA
- Numéro d'inventaire : 5.414-33
La médecine andalouse se place dans la continuité de celle pratiquée en Orient à l’époque médiévale, développée notamment grâce à une vaste entreprise de traductions en arabe d’ouvrages scientifiques, grecs, iraniens, indiens… En Andalousie, un personnage exceptionnel à contribué à son perfectionnement : le médecin cordouan al-Zahrâwî (Abulcassis) (Xe siècle). Son ouvrage médical intitulé Kitâb al-tasrîf li-man ‘ajiza ‘an al-ta’alîf (« Livre de la diffusion à l’intention de celui qui ne peut rassembler »), une compilation de la somme des connaissances de l’Antiquité, constitue le sommet de la médecine andalouse. Ce livre est remarquable pour ses descriptions médicales exhaustives. Traduit en latin par Gerardo de Cremona à Tolède, au XIIe siècle, il contribua à la célébrité de son auteur en Orient comme en Occident.
Parmi ses ouvrages, on retient en particulier le très complet traité de chirurgie. Quelques-uns de ses manuscrits sont illustrés par des instruments chirurgicaux, dont il décrit près de 200 modèles : cautères, spatules, aiguilles, canules, bistouris, scalpels, scies, crochets, forceps, seringues, sondes, pinces…
On peut aujourd’hui admirer certains de ces instruments chirurgicaux, qui étaient utilisés en Andalousie, dans différents musées dont le Musée archéologique national, le Musée d’Alicante ou le Musée PRASA.
BIBLIOGRAHIE DE REFERENCE
Castells, M., « La medicina en al-Andalus », in El legado científico andalusí, Madrid, 1992, Ministerio de Cultura.
Djebar, D., « Al-Zahrawi, Kitab al-tasrif li-man ‘ajiza ‘an al-ta’alif », in L’âge d’or des sciences arabes, cat. exp., Paris, Arles, 2005, Institut du monde arabe, Actes Sud, p. 169-171
La medicina en al-Andalus, Madrid, 1999, Fundación El Legado Andalusí.
Zozaya, J., « Instrumentos quirúrgicos andalusíes », in Boletín de la Asociación Española de Orientalistas, nº20, 1984.
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